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TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notss/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  ths 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 
n 

D 

n 
n 

n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  da  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pelHculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli*  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  Intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  film^es. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthoda  normaia  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


r~l   Coloured  pages/ 


n 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  dicolories,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


r~71  Pages  damaged/ 

r~~l  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~T|  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

rri  Showthrough/ 


The 
to  t 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inigaie  de  {'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


The 
pos 
oft 
filr 


Ori] 
beg 
the 
sior 
oth 
firs 
sior 
or  i 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  idition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  6t6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
sha 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff( 
enti 
beg 
righ 
reqi 
met 


r~71    Additional  comments:/ 

UlJ    Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


Wrinkled  pages  may  film  slightly  out  of  focus. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 


14X 


18X 


22X 


26X 


30X 


7 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6td  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -♦-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  §tre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsiue  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  r  ;ngle  snp6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

w 


"W" 


,!'.*' 


\ 


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i| 


* 


# 


THE 


J» 


FASHIONABLE  TOUfi^ 


AN    EXCURSION    TO    THE 


SPRINGS,   NIAGARA,   QUEBEC  AN© 
>  BOSTON* 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS: 


PRINTED  AND  FVBLISHED  BT   G.  M.  DAtlSON. 


-^.i^- 


1825. 


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'V      s 


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i*iK»miiiftmm)nmmMfim* 


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Norlhtrn  District  of  New-York,  to  wit : 

BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  That  on  the 
L.  S.  twenty-ninth  day  of  April,  in  the  forty- 
*  ninth  year  of  the  independence  of  the 
Upited  States  of  America,  A.  D.  1825,  G.  M. 
Davison,  of  the  said  district,  hath  deposited  in  this 
office  the  title  of  a  book,  the  rig;ht  whereof  he 
olaims  as  proprietor,  in  the  words  following,  to 
wit :  V. ,  .     •  .    •         ■  ' , 

"  The  Fashionable  Tour,  in  1825  :  An  excur- 
aibn  to  the  Springs,  2<iiagara,  Quebec  and  Bos- 
ton" 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  Slates,  entitled  *'  An  act  for  tne  encour- 
agement of  earning,  by  securing  the  copies  of 
Maps,  Charts  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  pro- 
prietors of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein 
mentioned ;"  and  also,  to  the  act  entitled  "  An 
act  supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  'An  act  for 
the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the 
copies  of  Maps,  Charts  and  Books,  to  the  authors 
and  proprietors  of  such  copies  durmg  the  times 
therein  mentioned,'  and  extending  the  benefits 
thereof  to  the  arts  of  Designing,  Engraving  and 
Etching  historical  and  other  prin's," 

R.R.LANSING,  C/erA: 
of  the  Northern  District  of  New-York* 


^i..  ,. 


'f 


•^■' 


^p* 


■;:^' 


inBH 


l»l»»^^«^»«»'»'^.»<»l»^' 


..'^.  .    v-;'^.'..?- 


From  Philadelphia  to  J^ew-York, 


Philadelphia, 
Bordcntown, 
Trenton,        , 
Princeton, 
New-Brunswick, 
New- York, 


in 


From  New-York  to  Albany, 


Hudson  River  Steam  Boats,    . 
,    Passage  of  the  Hudson, 

Palisadoes,         ... 

Haverstr^w  Bay, 

Hij^hlands,       .         .         .         . 

West  Point,        i 
%  Major  Andre, 


PAQS. 


19 

id 
22 
id 


25 
27 
28 
id 
29 
id 
31 

3e 

id 
id 
39 


PoUopell  Island, 

New-Windsor,    • 

Newburgh,    . 

Milton,  - 

Foughkeepsie,       .•.•••    tci 

Hyde  Park  Landing,        4    ,    »        ♦         .       40 

CatskiU,      .         •        i    •    »        »        ,        ,    id 

pine  Orchard,  ,        «        ,        •        .41 

AihcBS,       .        ^.      .       ,-  •    .        ».      ,-  43 


't-'V: 


XIV 


W.I 


V 


# 


INDEX. 


FAOS. 

Hudson,         ......         43 

Coxsackie  Landing;,     ,        ,        ...    44 
Albany, 45 

From  Albany  to  Saratoga  Springs,  » 

Troy, .47 

Lansingburgh,        .....  48 

Waterford, id 

Cohoes  Falls, 49 

Van  Schaick's  Island,  .        ,        ,        .        .  id 

Mechanic's  Ville, 50 

Duiming  Street, 51 

fallstoD-Spa, id 

.aratoga  Springs,        .         .         .        •        .  56 

Saratoga  Lake,        ...         .        ,  72 

Schuyler  Villa, 73 

Bemus'  Heights — Surrender  of  Burgoyne,  id 

From  Saratoga  Springs  to  Lake  George* 

Sandy-Hill,       .        .        ,       ...  *.  90 

Glen's  Falls,        .        •        •        .         •  id 

Caldwell,        .       '.        .        .        .        .  92 

Lake  George,         .        .        •        .         •  id 
Fort  William  Heijry,        .        .        .        .94 

Fort  George,        .....  95 

Lake  George  Steam-Boat,        .        ..        •  id 

Passage  of  Lake  George,        .        •        .  96 

Ticoaderoga,        •     ,  •     .  ♦        «        •  ^^ 

From  Saraiogi^  Springs  to  Utica* 

Schenectady,       .        .       •       t       •        100 
Stage  ro\^te  ifrptn  Schcini^oiRd^  to  UUoai        1Q2 


INDEX. 


t'rt^'^JBi^ 


FAQE. 

43 

.    44 
45 


.    47 

48 
.     id 

49 
.     id 

50 
.     51 

id 
.    56 

:         72 

73 


e. 


90 
92 


id 


^  ■■■'  I  ' 


100 
1Q.2 


■  Amsterdam, 
Little  Falls, 
Herkimer, 
Utica, 


PAGE. 

103 

.    104 

,        105 

106 


•    From  Ulica  to  Niagara  Falls, 

New-Hartford,  .  •  • 

Clinton  Village,  •  ,.  • 

Vernon,  .  .  •  • 

Chiieningo  Village,        .        •        • 
Manlius,  .... 

Onondaga  Hollow, 
Alburn,  •  #  • 

Canandaigua,  •    /"       •  • 

I  Rochester,  •  .  •  « 

Carthage,     ...  . 

Ridge  Road,    .         •  •  • 

Lewiston,     .        •         .  «  • 

Erie  Conal,  ..  ,  ,. 

,  Canal  Passage,  •  •.  • 

Buffalo, 

Blark  Rock,  , 

Niagara  Fall?,  •  ,  • 

Rattle  of  Chippewa,        *^'i       '•  * 

-mM..-  ■ 

From  Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal. 


;■' '  • 


B attle  of  B  ridgewater,        • 

Steam  Boat  on  Lake  Oatario, 

Lake  Ontario,        . 

Ogdensburgh,    .        . 

Paiaage  from  O^densburg;!!  to  Montreal,' 

Montreal^    ,.  ,  ^  #      ♦ 


107 

id 

id 

108 

id 

id 

109 

110 

111 

112 

id 

id 

113 

116. 

118 

id 

113 

.■W:>.'» 


..  1^ 

124 
.     125, 

126 
id 
.    129. 


^ 


*^h 


■         ;. 


% 


W: 


4 

XVI 


FNDEX*. 


From  Mont  real  to  Quebec. 


William  Il^nry, 

Three  Rivers,        , 

Quebpc, 

General  Montg^omery, 

Plains  of  Abraham, 

Death  of  Gen.  Wolfe, 


PAOV. 

130 
id 

132 
.  134 
.     136 

138 


From  Quebec  to  Burlington, 


Chnmbly,        • 
St  John's,       .     . 
LakeChamplam,     , 
JRonse^a  Point,     . 
<  Piatt  sburofh, 
Downie*8  Monument, 
Port  Kent, 
Adofnte's  Falls,        • 
Hija;h  Bridge, 
Burlington, 


U.        X  • 


•     ; 


**   .|| 


•  * 


V 


From  Burlington  to  Albany, 


* 


•  ■■» 


Split  Rock,     ,  , 

Crown  Point, 

Ticond*»roga,  , 

Whitehall,  .  . 

Northern  Canal, 

Passage  from  Whitehall  to  Albany, 

From  Albany  to  Bostom 


•'♦■•■. 


New-Lebanon, 
Pittsfi^,      . 
Northampton, 


f 

•        •        •        tr 
*        »        • 


139 

id 
140 
141 

i4 
142 
143 

id 
144 

iA 


tir 

id' 
146 

id 
147 
148 


.     148 

149 

.    I5i> 


INDEX.  '  H^  xvii 


•  . 


Mount  Hoi  yoke, 

Worcester,  . 

Boston,    .         • 

Lexington,     , 

Breed's  Hill.     .• 

CharlestowD,        • 

Cambridge,        ••••••      itf 

Fort  Independence,         «        .        •        #        160 
Nahant,  .  t         .        •         t        •     td 


PAGS. 

•       150 

•        •        •        •    tVi 

.       15t 

153 

.     155 

.       %        .  159 


Northern  Routes  to  Boston, 

From  Burling f on  to  Boston* 


•  • 


168 


Montpelier, 
Wind  or,         . 
Castleton, 
Rutland, 
Cheater,     . 
Bellows  Falls, 
Walpole, 
Keene,         • 
Groton, 
Concord,        • 


.        .  164 

165 

•       .    166 


•  •        • 

•  •        • 


id 

*•        •      .    id 
.        .        .167 


168 
.     id 


From  Saratoga  Springs  to  Boston^ 


.id 

169* 


I       ■(- 


■fife 


't^'i'-i 


f  ■  t 


HITBjBSI 


TO  THE 


TABLES  OF  DISTANCES. 


I  PAGE. 

From  Charleston  to  Philadelphia,       •       .     19 
Fhilttdelphia  to  New-York,  .         23 

.  New  York  to  AlV)any,  •  .    44 

Albany  to  Ballston-Spa,  .        •     51 

Albany  to  Ulica  ^s-tag^e  route)  .  ^06 
Utica  to  Niagara  Falls,  (stage  route)  113 
Schenectady  to  Buffalo,  (canal  route)  118 
Buffalo  to  Lewistown,  .  .  119 
Lewiston  to  ]Vlontreal,  .  .  .  127 
Montreal  to  Quebec,  •.  .132 

Montreal  to  Whitehall,  *.  146 

Whitehall  to  Alt  any,  .  .    148 

Albany  to  Boston,  •  ,         151 

Burlington  to  Boston,        •  •        164 

WhitebaU  to  Boston,         .       ,         165 


m 


FASHIONABLE  TOtJe, 


t)tSTANCE8  FROM  CHAALEStOtT  tO  PUIli^ 

ADELPHtA* 

3    Averiiboro'  9B 

14  Raleigh,  SB 
17  Louitburf,  SI 
10    Warrenton,  tS 

15  North-Carolina,  l6 
14    Harris  viUe,  99 


(QreeAwicht 
Wapetaw  Church, 
Tweden  Cottons, 
Bantee  River, 
Georgetown, 
Black  River, 
China  Grove, 
Lynch  s  Creek, 
G.  Pedee  River, 
Sta^e- house, 
South-Carolina, 
kowland^s  Tavern, 
Lumberton, 
CounselPa  Tavern, 
Fayette  Ville, 


'1  Billings'  Tayeni,  23 

15  Petersburg,  0 

4  Munohester,  ft 

14  Richmond^  2 

25  Fredericksburg,  ^ 

6  Alexandria,  48 

13  Washingtcrn,  t 

17  Baltimore,  119 

%5  Philadelphia,  ftl 


PHtLAbELPHlA, 

The  flourishing  capital  of  Pennsylvania,  stands 
•n  the  vest  bank  of  the  river  Delaware,  five) 
miles  from  its  confluence  with  the  Schuylkill^ 
which  forms  its  western  boundary.  This  ^i^ 
was  founded  in  1682,  and  incorporated  i|i  J70u 
The  charter  being  abrogated  at  the  revola« 
lion,  it  remained  under  a  provinoial  g^renantu^ 


20 


FHILADELPHrA. 


'■'  ! 


fill  1789,  when  it  was  ineorporated  a  second' 
4ime*  Its  present  population  is  upwards  of  lOOi- 
000.  The  city  is  built  on  streets  from  50  to  100^ 
iset  in  width,  running  parallel,  and  at  right  an- 
gles to  each  ether.  They  are  handsomely  paved,, 
and  are  kept  remarkably  clean.  The  houses- 
exhibit  an  appearance  of  neatness,  uniformity 
and  commodiousness,  and  many  of  them  are  or- 
aamented  with  white  marble.  Against  the  city, 
which  is  90  mil^s  distant  from  the  sea,  the  Dela- 
ware is  about  a  mile  wide,  and  is  navigable  for 
•hips  of  a  large  size.  The  most  conspicuous 
buildings  are  the  churches,  the  state-house,  the 
United  States  and  Pennsylvania  Banks,  and  the 
institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  The  United 
^  States  Bank  is  situated  in  a  north  and  south  di- 
rection, fronting  on  Chesnut  and  Library  streets, 
having  8  fluted  columns,  4  feet  6  inches  in  diame- 
ter, embracing  the  whole  front.  From  each  of 
the  fronts  are  porticos,  projecting  10  feet  6  inch- 
es* The  whole  length  of  the  edifice,  including 
the  portico,  is  161  feet,  and  its  breadth,  in  fronts 
87  feet.  The  main  entrance  is  from  Chesuut- 
street,  by  a  flight  of  six  marble  steps,  extending 
along  the  whole  front  of  the  portico.  The  bank- 
ing room  occupies  the  centre  of  the  building, 
Iseing  48- feet  wide,  and  81  feet  long.  The  whole 
body  of  the  building  is  arched  in  a  bomb  proof 
manner,  from  the  ceUar  to  the  roof,  wh.oh  is  cov- 
ered with  copper. 

The  citizens'  coach  and  mail  coach  run  daily 
from  Philadelphia  to  New-Yoik,  in  which  seats 
are  taken  at  the  price  of  three  dollars.  Steam- 
boats, connected  with  a  line  of  coaches,  run  daily 
from  Philadelphia  to  Trenton,  on  the  Delaware, 
from  whence  there  is  a  land  passage  of  25  miles  t9 


V'W?  " 


.•f-.v 


•BORDENTOWN. — TRENTON. 


21 


^Tew-Brunswick,  where  another  boat  is  establish- 
«d  between  that  iplsLca  and  New- York.  The  whole 
distance  of  96  mi]es,  between  city  and  city,  ii 
'asually  pasaed  in  \2  hours ;  and  the  whole  ex« 
pense,  inclading;  the  charges  of  conveyance^  is 
^3,62  1-2.  The  principal  towns  and  villages  oit 
Uie  Delaware,  are  Frankfort,  Bristol,  BurlingtODf 
Bprdentown  and  Trenton. 


BoRDKNTOWN,  is  noted  as  the  residence  of  th« 
ex-king  of  Spain,  Joseph  Buonaparte,  whose  eleu 
gant  mansion  was  within  a  few  years  burnt  by 
accident,  but  is  now  rebuilt  with  additional  em- 
bellishment and  magnificence.  His  villa  conl- 
mands  a  fine  view  of  the  river.  The  soil  around 
it  is  unproductive.  But  by  the  aid  of  culture  and 
art,  his  ^-esidence  now  exhibits  an  appearance  of 
taste  and  munificence  worthy  the  princely  for- 
tune and  dignity  of  its  proprietor.  From  Bor* 
dentown  a  stage  route  is  established  to  South- 
Amboy. 

Trenton,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  New- 
Jersey,  is  «eituated  on  the  Delaware  river,  thirty 
miles  from  Philadelphia.  It  contains  about  4000 
inhabitants,  a  state  house,  two  banks,  and  four 
houses  of  publick  worship.  At  Trenton  the 
steam-boat  navigation  on  the  Delaware  termi- 
nates. The  river  here  forms  a  considerable  rap- 
id or  falls,  near  which  is  an  elevated  bridge,  about 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  long,  neatly  roofed,  and  the 
«idea  enclosed  to  secure  it  from  the  weather. 
The  distance  between  Trenton  and  New-Bruns- 
"Wick  is  passed  by  an  excellent  line  of  post-coach- 
es, which  leave  the  former  place  immediately  on 
ihe  arrival  of  the  boat.    T^9  roolA  afibrdt  tJie 


1 

t4 


! 


93       f  RINCBTON-;*NEW-BllUN8WICK* 

'    ,  '■   '"^  ■ 

traveller  a  fine  view  of  the  mest  fertile  section  of 
the  state  ;  mdcI^  making;  all  allowanees  for  roi^ds, 
which  are  ordinary,  it  is,  in  other  respects, 
|>y  no  means  devoid  of  interest  The  first  stag«^ 
from  Trentoa  terminates  at 

pRiffftSVON,  a  distance  of  IS  miles.  This  is  ^ 
pleasant  little  village,  eoQtainipj^  about  100  hou- 
ses and  600  inhabitants.  This  place  is  distin- 
guished as  the  seat  of  Nassau  Hall,  or  Princeton 
College,  with  which  is  connected  a  Theological 
Seminary.  Beth  ipstitations  are  under  the  man- 
l^fement  ftf  learned  and  respectable  professors, 
And  educate  annually  f^bout  200  students.  Tha 
board  of  the  seminary  are  incorporated  by  the 
Bame  of  **  The  Trustees  of  the  Theological  Sem- 
inary of  the  Presbyterian  Church."  The  pre- 
sent number  of  students  in  connexion  with  it  ii 
113.  Th«  General  Assembly  have  recently  en- 
/dpw^d  a  new  scholarship,  with  |2500  given  by 
im  individual  in  Elizabethtown.  The  college 
edifice  is  handsomely  constructed  of  stone,  and 
under  its  present  management  will  continue  to 
ycceive  its  full  share  of  public  patronage. 

The  city  of  Njsw-Britnswick  stands  on  the 
iouth  west  side  of  Rariton  river,  18  miles  from 
Princeton  and  ^6  miles  above  Rariton  Bay.  Its 
•ituation  is  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  at  the  foot  of 
a  high  hill,  which  rises  back  of  the  city,  rendering 
it  rather  low  and  unpleasant.  Its  population 
does  not  exceed  4000.  Queen's  College,  located 
et  New-Brunswick,  was  established  in  1770,  by 
the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  and  was  desired 
et  first  for*  Theological  Seminary.  The  passage 
lirom  here  tp  New-York,  in  \he  iietm  boat,  i^^- 


\  i 


« 


,-.-'S/it  '  '■' 


NEW-VORK. 


23 


idades  the  cheering;  prospect  of  cuUiyatlon  alon^ 
the  banks  of  the  Rariton,  its  spacious  bay,  to* 
gether  with  a  view  of  the  beautiful  town  of 
Ferth  Amboy,  which  opens  to  the  bay,  and 
formSf  from  its  location  and  construction,  one  of 
the  most  beautiiul  and  healthy  residences  on  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

The  stages  and  distances  from  Philadelphia  to 
New- York  are  as  follows  : — 


Frankfort, 
Holmesburgh, 
JBristol,      .^ 
Trenton,    *  ', 


Miles,  Miles, 

4    Princeton,  \% 

6    New- Brunswick,    18 

10    Amboy,  1^ 

10    New-Yorka  94 


NEW- YORK. 

This  city  is  situated  on  the  point  of  York  Isl<* 
and,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Hudson  and  East 
rivers,  in  latitude  40.  It  was  founded  by  the 
Dutch,  in  1615,  under  the  name  of  New- Amster- 
dam, and  was  incorporated  by  the  British  ia 
1696.  The  island  on  which  it  stands  is  15  miles 
long,  and  from  1  to  3  miles  broad.  The  city  ii 
situated  at  the  south  side  of  the  island,  and  ex- 
tends along  the  Hudson  about  2  miles,  and  from 
the  Battery  along  Eastriver  nearly  4  miles.  Of 
the  public  buildings,  the  most  prominent  and  im- 
portant is  the  City  Hall,  the  front  of  which  ii 
built  of  white  marble.  It  is  216  feet  long,  105 
feet  broad,  and,  including  the  attic  story,  65  feet 
high.  The  rooms  for  holding  the  tUfferent  courti 
of  law  are  fitted  up  in  a  rich  and  expensive 
style.  The  room  for  holding  the  Mayor's  Court 
contains  portraits  of  Washington,  of  the  different 


i.'fr^- 


i' 


p»" 


?l, 


1? 

S 


:a. 


4 


J4 


NEW-YORK, 


Goyeraors  of  the  state,  and  many  of  the  most 
pelehrated  commanders  of  the  army  and  navy  of 
the  United  States.  The  building  cost  ^500,000, 
und  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  edifices  in  Amer- 

The  Battery  is  situated  at  the  south-west 
point  of  the  city,  opposite  to  Governor's  Island. 
|t  is  l^andsomely  laid  out  intog^ravel  walks,  apd 
tastefully  decorated  with  shrubbery  and  trees.  It 
is  much  frequented  by  the  citizens,  in  the  warm 
peason,  as  well  for  the  purpose  of  partaking  of  the 
refreshing  sea  breeze,  as  for  enjoying  the  pros- 
pect, which  from  this  place  includes  the  harbor 
l^with  its  various  shipping ;  Governor's  Island, 
Bedlowe's  I4and,  and  Ellis'  Island,  on  each  of 
which  are  military  stations  ;  the  shores  of  New- 
Jersey  and  Long  Island  ;  with  the  flourishing 
town  of  Brooklyn,  and  the  numerous  country 
eeats  in  its  vicinity. 

The  Park  ^s  situated  ip  the  centre  of  the  city. 
It  contains  about  4  acres,  which  is  pmamentecl 
with  much  taste,  and  eifSlosed  by  a  substantial 
Iron  railing.  It  furnishes  a  cool  and  fashionable 
fesori  for  pi^en  of  business  and  pleasure,  aAer  the 
fatigue  and  heat  of  a  summer's  day. 

In  point  of  population  this  city  is  the  first  in 
the  United  Slates,  containing  upwards  of  130,* 
iK)0  inhabitants,  and  in  respect  of  trade  it  is  now 
fuid  will  probably  continue  the  first  commercial 
metropolis  in  America.  Though  it  cs^nnot  vie 
with  Philadelphia  in  point  of  beauty  find  regUt 
Jarity,  New- York  exhibits  an  i^ir  of  novelty  and 
grandeur  "^ery  imposing  to  a  stranger.  Its  ever 
bustling  streMjs  and  crowded  wharves  indicate  an 
filicommon  spirit  of  commercial  enterprize.  Its 
"Ippal  sit^iatipn  en^brt^ces  every  a4vanta|;e  foi*  co^iv 


VEW^YORK. 


25 


mercfi  ;  and  it  is  calculated  that  the  canal,  by 
openings  an  easy  communication  between  the  fer- 
tile regions  of  the  west  and  the  city  of  New- York, 
will  produce  an  astonishing  change  in  its  growth 
and  prosperity.  At  no  very  distant  period  New-* 
York,  with  ail  its  natural  and  artificial  advanta- 
ges, will  probably  become  the  greatest  commer« 
cial  metropolis  in  the  world.  The  impetus  giv- 
en to  the  enterprize  of  its  citizens  is  already 
manifested  in  the  number  of  buildings  recently 
erected — being  no  less  than  3000  during  the  last 
year. 

From  New- York  to  Albany,  a  distance,  by  wa- 
ter, of  145  miles,  a  communication  is  alternately 
kept  up  by  a  line  of  stages  in  the  winter  season 
and  by  steam-boats  during  the  absence  of  the 
ice  in  the  Hudson.  The  monopoly  which  for-» 
merly  existed  ^n  favour  of  the  North  River 
Steam-bpat  Company,  has,  by  a  recent  decision 
of  the  United  States  Court,  been  done  away,  the 
consequence  of  which  has  been  to  multiply  the 
x^umber  of  opposition  stean^-boats  upon  the  Hud* 
eon,  and  to  reduce  the  price  of  fare,  which,  at 
present,  including  board,  is  not  over  $4,  to  Al- 
bany, and  in  some  of  the  boats  it  varies  from 
$1  tp  $4. 

The  old  line  of  steam-boats  consists  pf  the 
Chancellor,  Richmond  and  James  Kent.  The 
Troy  line,  established  this  season,  consists  of  the 
Chief  Justice  Marshall,  the  Constitution  and 
Constellation.  Besides  these  there  are  also  the 
Olive  Branch,  and  the  Henry  Eckford,  which 
latter  boat  takes  in  tow  two  vessels  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conveying  freight.  The  old  line  of  boats 
Iteayc  New- York  oa  Sunday,  at  10  A.M. 


*. 


5>C 


STEAM-BOATS. 


;.  '■      .i^'^r 


* 


Monday, 

Tuesday, 

Wednesday, 

Thursday, 

Friday, 

Saturday,      J 

Leave  Albany  on  Monday, 

Tuesday, 
Wednesday, 
Thursday, 


at5P.M, 


X  iiuisuajr,  y- 

Friday,  ( 

Saturday,  J 

Sunday,  J 


at  10  A.  M. 


at  1-S  past 
'   4  P.  M, 


The  fare  is  fixed  at  four  dollars,  from  New- 
York  to  Albany,  and  rateably  for  the  different 
pJLaces  on  the  river.  The  Troy  boats  start  daily 
from  New- York  and  Albany,  and  three  times  ^ 
^eek  from  Troy, 

Leave  New- York  on  Sunday, 

Monday, 
Tuesday, 
Wednesday, 
Thursday, 
Friday, 
Saturday, 

Jje^V€  Albany  on  Sunday,^        "1  '  ^c^ 

Monday,  J 
Tuesda,y,  I 
Wednesday,  J.  at  4  P.  M. 
Thursday, 
Friday, 
Saturday, 


PASSAQE  OF  THP  HUDSON* 


27 


Fare  throu|fh  fpur  dollars,  and  rateably  for 
fhe  intermediate  places.    The  Olive  Branch 

Leaves  New- York  on  Sunday,     ) 

Tuesday,   S  l^t  10  A.  M. 
^  Thursday, ) 

l^^eaves  Albmiy  on    Monday,        i 

Wednesday,  >  at  9  A.  Mt 
Friday,  ) 

The  Henry  Eekford  leaves  New- York  oa 

Sunday,         i 
Tuesday,       J  at  5  P.M. 
Thursday,     y 

Leaves  Albany  on  Monday,         ) 

Wednesday,    >  at  10  A.  M» 
Friday,  j 

Fare  through  three  dollars,  ^nd  rateably  fat 
(he  intermediate  places. 

The  spirit  of  accommodation  which  is  mani- 
fested on  board  the  boats,  is  owin*  probably  tcj 
the  rivalship  existing  between  them.  Passensrers 
are  well  entertained,  and  every  attention  if 
shewn  that  cap  contribute  tp  their  comfort  an4 
fonvenience. 


THE  PASSAGE  OF  THE  HUDSON. 

Besides  the  novelty  of  a  steam-boat  passage, 
the  Hudson  river  presents  to  the  tourist  a  variety 
of  natural  scenery  which  it  will  be  diflScult  tp 
find  elsewhere  in  a  journey  of  the  same  extent. 
To  the  pleasure  derived  from  a  prospect  of  the 
beautiful  §nd  9ub^me  pbjects  of  n^itufe,  the  ef? 


n 


2S 


PASSAGE   OF    THP   HUDSON- 


f<6ct  of  the  most  striking  contrast  is  added,  to  ren- 
der the  scene  truly  picturesque  and  enchanting. 
On  the  one  hand  are  seen  summits,  crowned  with 
forests,  apparently  impenetrable  to  the  footsteps 
of  cultivation,  and  on  the  other  beautiful  and 
extensive  lawns,  checkered  with  the  abodes  of 
husbandry,  and  glowing  in  all  the  rich  verdure 
tjf  summer ;  while  in  the  same  circumference  of 
vision  may  foe  seen  the  fading  view  of  some  town 
or  city,  a]id  in  perspective  a  perpetual  opening: 
scenery  of  forests  and  cultivation,  plains  and 
mountains,  towns  and  villages,  imparting  to  the 
\  beholder  all  the  cliarms  of  novelty,  with  the 
highest  emotions  of  the  sublime.       ,,    ^5 

The  Palisadoesy  which  make  their  first  appear- 
ance on  the  Hudson,  about  8  miles  from  New- 
York,  are  a  range  of  rocks,  from  20  to  650  feet  in 
height,  and  extend  from  thence  to  Tappan,  a 
distance  of  about  20  miles.  In  some  places, 
they  rise  almost  perpendicularly  from  tlie  shore, 
«nd  form,  for  several  miles  in  extent,  a  solid  wall 
of  rock. 

About  25  miles  above  New- York  the  river  ex- 
pands and  forms  what  is  called  Tappan  Bay. 
The  little  village  of  Tappan,  a  place  of  much 
note  during  Andre's  and  Arnold's  conspiracy,  is 
situated  on  its  western  shore.  The  spot  of  An- 
dre's grave  is  still  pointed  out  near  this  village, 
though  his  remains  have  recently  been  convey- 
ed to  England,  by  order  of  the  British  goverij- 
nient.  This  bay  is  from  2  to  5  miles  wide,  and 
^  miles  long,  terminating  at  Tellar's  Point. 

Haverstraw  Bay^  commences  36  miles  from 
New-York,  and  terminate*  at  Stoney  and  Ver- 
l^^ajQbck's  Points ;  being  about  0  mijle»  in  lep»tl|| 


HIGHLANDS. 


2^' 


and  from  2  to  4|la  width.    Havorstraw  villagte  k 
on  the  west  side  of  this  bay. 

The  Highlands^  or  Fishkill  mountains,  which 
first  appear  about  40  miles  from  New-York,  will 
attract  notice,  not  only  from  their  grandeur  and 
sublimity,  but  also  from  their  association  with 
some  of  the  most  important  events  of  the  Revo- 
lution. This  chain  of  mountains  is  about  16 
miles  in  width,  and  extends  along  both  sides  of 
the  Hudson,  to  th«  distance  of  20  miles.  The 
height  of  the  principal  has  been  estimated  at 
1565  feet.  According  to  the  theory  of  Doctor 
Mitchell,  this  thick  and  solid  barrier  seems  in 
ancient  days  to  have  impeded  the  course  of  the 
water,  and  to  have  raised  a  lake  high  enough  to 
cover  all  the  country  to  Quaker  Hill  and  the 
Laconick  Mountains  on  the  east,  and  to>Shawaci- 
gunk  and  the  Catskill  mountains  on  the  west ; 
extending  to  the  Little  Falls  of  the  Mohawk,  and 
to  Hadl'ey  Falls  on  the  Hudson — but  by  some 
convulsion  of  nature  the  mountain  chain  has  been 
broken,  and  the  rushing  waters  found  their  way 
to  the  now  New- York  Bay.  At  tlie  entrance  of 
the  Highlands,  on  the  south,  is  the  scite  of  an  old 
fort  on  Verplanck's  Point,  opposite  to  which  stood 
the  fort  of  Stoney  Point,  which  was  taken  from 
Gen.  Wayne  in  1778,  and  retaken  by  him  the 
same  year.  Further  north,  10  miles,  is  the  scite 
of  Fort  Montgomery,  which,  after  a  gallant  de- 
fence by  Gen.  George  Clinton,  surrendered  to 
the  British  army  in  October,  1777. 

West  Point,  one  of  the  most  important  posts 
during  the  revolutionary  war,  is  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Hudson,  near  the  entrance  of 
the  Highlands  on  the  north.    It  foimed  one  of 


>^- 


30 


>f 


^E8t  roiNT, 


military poiotof  Tier wMMinJSu^  to  it,  in  , 
«  •     It  w«.  here  thit  A^'m  „  '  *^*'"y  to  obtaSl 

coMpiraoy,  however,  wWoH^^ '^'/»'<'-  Thi. 
at  liberty  in  the  ifnUmL^Tt  '  '*'«'•  »"o» 
»»Iy  m  the  Miver«U    ™„,3'Phf?,    resulted- 
ArnoW,  and  in  the  hJ^«i^^f  ??<*  ignominy  of 
tnnate  Andre.  .  TWe  ,!f  f"'""  "'^  ">«  ""forw 
number af  dwelli4.hou4,.^r  «. P^^^nt  a 
emy<  built  on  therein  whiclfl"  °""'«'7  acad- 
«i«  nver,  188  feet  h,  hei^t  ^  Tl**"'  •'•"k  •Jl'  - 
pend.  on  the  north  Sd«  nf  IS  ^^""^  «  '«ad  a.- 
,baek  ground,  and  ,C^^  tt«  Point.    In  the 

m  feet  in  height,  1,  the  «.»^  ?  J""*  •"■  '"''o 
Silence  and  dway  now  m.rt  l*^*"^  P»toam. 
once  formidable  forl^  Tl"'?  "P"*  »f  thi, 
however,  convey  f™!;*  "oulderinff  min* 
-mp^gaable  hZe'r  1^"^"  i^««  <"  S?  - 
to  the  enemie.  of  freedom    '^'^    "*'  P'W'nted 

the  late  C,n.  WilS^t^S^    ^"ffj"""""  o** 
'f  applicants  for  admia-io^  ,77^.  0/^thenumber 
preference  i,  usuXy  "?°  '"  i^»  »»titu.ion,  . 
officere  of  the  revolitifn  f  .'.  r    ^  *'  ""e  sons  of 
•on' of  dece*,ed  S.  of  T  ,  """"""y'  *»  the 
•re  admitted  under  tTel^^fV''-    »•»"-  ' 
above  the  age  of  22  ThL  _^    ■  '■*  years,  nor 
J^  to  ^0,%S  Xtm'S.'l!';^"^'^*''  »l'"m! 


.'#* 


MAJoft  andre;. 


Si 


here,  the  cadots  are  instructed  in  all  the  practical 
miautiaj  of  tactic?  ;  comprehending  the  lowest 
duties  of  the  private  soldier,  as  well  as  the  high-* 
€Pt  duties  of  the  officer.  They  are  also  required 
to  encamp  for  6  or  8  weeks  in  a  year  ;  during 
which  time  they  are  instructed  in  the  manner  of 
pitching  and  striking  tents — in  the  various  infan- 
try evolutions — and  in  all  the  details  of  the  camp. 
It  is  said  that  permission  has  been  recently  gran- 
ted by  the  government,  for  the  admission  of  two 
young  men  ifrom  South  America  for  education  in 
this  institution.  There  were  here,  not  long  since, 
two  Indians,  the  sons  of  chiefs,  who  gave  much 
evidence  of  talent,  and  at  a  late  examination  re- 
ceived several  of  the  prizes  of  scholarship.  A 
similar  instance  occurred  some  yeafs  since,  in  a 
young  Indian  lad,  who,  before  he  reached  his 
seventeenth  year,  abandoned  the  temple  of  Mi- 
nerva for  the  more  grateful  and  congenial  pur- 
suits of  the  chase. 


MAJOR  JOHN  ANDRE. 

The  fate  of  this  gallant  young  officer  will  ever 
be  associated  with  the  scenes  at  West  Point.  It 
was  here  the  infamous  Arnold  conceived  his  trai- 
torous purposes  against  the  liberties  of  his  coun- 
try, which  brought  upon  him  the  contempt  and 
execration  of  the  world,  and  cost  the  unfortunate 
Andre  his  life. 

Benedict  Arnold  was  a  native  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  and  from  the  first  commencement  of 
hostilities  he  had  distinguished  himself  as  a  brave 
and  intrepid  soldier,  and  an  enterprising  and  skil- 
ful commander.  He  had  succeeded  in  the  bold 
and  difficult  attempt  to  invade  the  Canadas  from 
the  state  of  Maine,  where  the  sufferings  of  him- 


^— Ti» 


32 


MAJOR  ANDRE* 


f » 


pe\(  and  soldiers  had  excited  the  sensibility  of  the 
nation  towards  him.  A^  Quebec,  on  Lake  Cham - 
j)lain,  and  at  Saratoga  Jie  had  acted  a  distinguish- 
ed part ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  appointment  to  the 
eommand  of  West  Point,  which  was  in  Novem- 
ber, 1779,  he  bore  an  honourable  testimonial  of 
his  attachment  to  his  country,  in  the  wounds 
which  he  had  recently  received  at  the  surrender 
ofBurffoyne. 

The  residence  6f  Gen.  Ameld  was  at  the  house 
and  farm  of  Col.  Beverly  Robinson,  who  had  re- 
linquished them  and-  joined  the  royal  army  at 
New-York.  This  residence  was  situated  oppo* 
site  to  West  Point,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hud- 
eourra  dreary  situation — environed  by  moun- 
tains, and  by  no  means  calculated  to  soothe  the 
rugge^  deformities  of  character  by  a  frequent 
prospect  of  the  delicate  and  beautiful  scenery  of 
nature.  It  was  here  that  Gen.  Arnold  made  the 
first  proposals  to  surrender  West  Point,  and  the 
forces  under  his  command,  to  the  British  army. 
The  agents,  on  the  part  of  the  British,  were  Col. 
Beverly  Robinson  and  Major  John  Andre,  who 
held  frequent  communications  with  the  American 
General,  from  on  board  the  Vulture  sloop  of  war, 
then  lying  at  Haverstraw  Bay,  about  10  miles 
below  Stoney  and  Verplanck''s  Points. 

Major  Andre,  at  that  time  about  29  years  of 
age,  had,  from  the  natural  amiableness  of  his  char- 
acter, and  his  superior  accomplishments  as  a 
citizen  and  a  soldier,  acquired  the  unreserved 
confidence  of  his  officers,  and  was  emphatically 
considered  the  favorite  of  the  British  army.  He 
had  been  familiar  with  the  classic  lore  of  antiqui- 
ty, and  had  cultivated  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts,  of 
music,  painting  and  poetry,  in  each  of  which  lir 


MAJOn  ANDRE. 


S3 


fiad  made  considerable  profi*  ii»ncy.  \n  enrly  life 
he  had  formed  an  attachment  wuh  a  lady  whom 
he  addresses  by  the  name  of  Delia,  and  to  wIioih 
he  had  devoted  all  the  leisure  afforded  from  the 
intervals  of  a  mercantile  profession,  until  the 
news  of  her  marriage  with  >a  more  successful  ri- 
val, drove  him,  disappointed  and  unfortunate, 
to  the  busthng  pursuits  of  the  camp.  His  biog- 
rapher remarks,  "  There  was  something  singu- 
larly interesting  is  the  character  and  fortunes  of 
Andre.  To  an  excellent  understanding,  well 
improved  by  education  and  travel,  he  united  a 
peculiar  elegance  of  mind  and  manners,  and  the 
advantages  of  a  pleasing  person.  His  knowledge 
appeared  without  ostentation.  His  sentiments 
were  elevated,  and  inspired  esteem,  as  they  had 
a  softness  that  conciliated  affection.  His  elocu- 
tion was  handsome — his  address  easy,  polite,  and 
insinuating. 

**  By  his  merit  he  had  acquired  the  unlimited 
confidence  of  his  general,  and  was  making  rapid 
prepress  in  military  rank  and  reputation.  But 
in  the  height  of  his  career,  flushed  with  new  hopes 
from  the  execution  of  a  project  the  most  benefi- 
cial to  his  party  that  could  be  devised,  he  is  at 
once  precipitated  ir^m  the  summit  of  prosperity, 
and  sees  all  the  expectations  of  his  ambition 
blasted,  and  kimeelf  ruined. '^ 

A  night  in  the  month  of  Septembor,  1780,  was 
chosen  for  the  fat^l  interview  between  Arnold 
and  Andre.  The  different  emotions  which  must 
have  agitated  the  bosoms  of  these  unfortunate^ 
Vnen,  can  be  better  imagined  than  described, 
Andre  looked  forward,  with  pleasing  anticipa^ 
tions,  to  the  hcHiors,  the  glory,  and  the  emolument, 
Wlwclj  Vould  attend  thp  success  of  the  eflit.ejr 


•vi 


^9 


i 

J 

1 

. 

'   i 

i... 

1 

^^ 

H^ 

!-^ 

il  K 

■??  '"' 

^   % 

'«■ 

1 

1 

\j 

J 

i' 


54 


MAJOR   ANDRE. 


prise.  He  saw,  in  prospect,  the  termination  of  an? 
cxpensire  war,  through  his  instrumentality — tha 
interests  of  his  sovereign  promoted — and  himself 
raised,  in  the  estimation  of  his  countrymen,  to  the 
pinnacle  of  renown.  Not  so  with  Arnold.  The 
■ordid  love  of  gold  had  eclipsed  the  ennobling^ 
virtues  of  his  nature — his  country  was  the  desti-.- 
ned  victim  of  kis  cold  blooded  purposes— her 
liberties  were  to  be  the  price  of  his  treason — 
and  he  could  calculate  on  no  better  reward  for 
his  turpitude,  thai)  the  obloquy  and  contempt  of 
his  countrymen. 

Under  the  pretence  of  a  correspondence  with 
.the  British  general,  on  the  subject  ef  a  treaty  of 
peace,  Arnold  had  succeeded  in  enlisting  in  hia 
service  an  intelligent  and  respectable  citizen,  of 
the  name  of  Smith.  Under  his  direction  a  boat 
was  despatched  to  the  Vulture  sloop  of  war,  then 
lying  across  the  Bay  of  Haverstraw,  about  12 
miles  distant,  to  convey  the  British  agent  to  the 
place  appointed  by  Arnold  for  their  meeting.  On 
examining  the  papers,  it  was  Ibund  that  a  pass 
had  been  sent  for  Col.  Beverly  Robinson,  and  al- 
so a  blank  pass  for  whomsoever  should  be  selected 
for  the  important  trust.  In  the  latter  pass  was 
inserted  the  name  of  John  Anderson,  under  which 
pame  Andre  consented  to  be  conveyed  to  the  shore 
from  whence  he  was  destined  never  to  return. 

The  place  appointed  for  the  interview  was  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain  called  Long  Clove,  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Hudson.  Hither  Gen.  Arnold 
had  repaired,  and  on  the  arrival  of  Andre  was 
found  secreted  in  a  thick  grove  of  firs,  the  scene 
of  their  subsequent  conference.  After  consider* 
able  conversation,  which  lasted  till  the  dawn  of 
0a^,  it  waa  foiind  iippractipable  for  Andre  to  rcn 


* 


% 


'^ 


MAJOR  AI^DRE* 


i 
J5 


torn,  without  being  discovered  from  the  neigh- 
boring; forts  of  Stoney  and  Verplanck's  Points.  Ha 
was,  therefore,  conveyed  to  the  house  of  Smith, 
the  person  who  had  brought  him  to  the  shore^ 
auil  who  afterwards  accompanied  him  on  his  way 
to  New- York.  At  this  house  he  proqured  a  coat 
in  exchange  for  his  military  dress,  which  he  had 
worn  on  shore,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  day  af- 
ter his  arrival  set  out  in  company  with  Smith,  and 
under  a  pass  from  Gen.  Arnold,  for  White  Plains. 
The  first  night  of  their  journey  was  spent  at  a 
Mr.  McKoyV,  about  8  miles  from  the  place  of 
their  departure.  The  nejct  day  they  rode,  with- 
out any  interruption,  as  far  as  Pine's  Bridge^ 
across  the  Croton  river,  which  empties  into  the 
Hudson  on  its  west  side,  at  the  head  of  I'appai^ 
Bay.  Here,  having  received  the  necessary  in- 
structions as  to  the  road  he  was  to  take,  Andra 
the  next  morning  took  leave  of  his  guide,  and 
pursued  his  journey.  He  had  not  proceeded  mora 
than  6  miles,  when  he  was  arrested  by  three  mi- 
litia men,  by  the  names  of  John  Paulding,  David 
Williams  and  Isaac  Van  Vert,  who,  with  others, 
were  on  a  scouting  party,  between  the  out-posts 
of  the  two  Jtrmies.  These  men  stopped  Major 
Andre  in  a  narrow  part  of  the  road  at  a  place 
near  Tarry-Town,  by  suddenly  seizing  his  horsa 
by  the  bridle.  Instead  of  immediately  produ- 
cing the  pass  which  had  been  furnished  him  by 
Gen.  Arnold,  Andre  inquired,  where  they  be- 
longed to  ?  They  answered,  "  To  below."  Not 
suspecting  any  deception,  he  replied,"  So  do  I  ;** 
and  declaring  himself  to  be  a  British  officer,  he 
entreated  that  he  might  not  be  detained,  being 
on  pressing  business.  This  declaration  was  fol-t 
lowed  by  further  inquiries,  which  excited  still 


•  /» 


3* 


^6 


MAJOR   ANDRE. 


''( 


iii. 


1^ 


inore  suspicion,  and  at  length  induced  a  resolu- 
tion on  their  part  to  detain  him.  Finding  him- 
self thus  surprised,  and  a  prisoner,  he  made  use 
of  every  persuasion  to  regain  his  liberty,  and  of- 
fered a  very  valuable  gold  watch  for  his  release. 
But  it  was  all  to  no  effect.  They  asked  for  his 
papers,  which  being  refused  by  Andre,  they  com- 
menced s^rching  him,  and  memorandums,  in 
Arnold's  hand  writing,  relating  to  tlie  forces  and 
defences  of  West  Point,  were  found  concealed  in 
his  boots. 

Despatches  were  immediately  forwarded  to 
Gen.  Washmgton,  together  with  a  letter  from 
Major  Andre  to  Gen.  Arnold,  apprising  him  of 
his  arrest  and  detention.  In  consequence  of  some 
mistake  of  the  messenger,  information  of  the 
circumstances  reached  Arnold  some  time  before 
Washington  was  apprised  at  all  of  them.  Upon 
the  receipt  of  the  letter,  Arnold  seized  the  mes- 
senger's hors^,  and  instantly  proceeded  down 
a  precipice  almost  perpendicular,  to  the  river, 
where  boats  were  always  ready  to  pass  to  and 
from  West  Point,  and  jumping  into  one  ol  them, 
he  directed  the  hands  to  row  him  down  the  river 
to  the  Vulture  sloop  of  war.  In  the  mean  time 
inlbrmation  had  been  received  by  Washington^ 
and  scarce  had  Arnold  passed  Stoney  and  Ver- 
planck's  Points  when  Col.  Hamilton  arrived  at 
the  latter  place  with  orders  to  stop  him. 

Andre  was  arrested  on  the  23d  of  September  ; 
and  a  Board  of  General  Officers  were  immedi- 
ately summoned,  by  order  of  Gen.  Washington, 
for  his  trial.  The  circumstances  of  tke  case 
were  the  subject  of  much  excitement  in  both  the 
American  and  British  armies,  and  created  much 
sympathy  ia  favor  of  Andre.    After  aa  inquiry 


V-.t 


iced  a  resolur 


MAJOR  ANDRE. 


37 


•f  a  number  of  days,  the  court  determined,  that 
Major  John  Andre,  Adjutant  Q*|cral  of  tho 
British  army,  ought  to  be  consilW'ed  as  a  spy 
from  the  enemy  ;  and  th|f|  ajjreeably  to  the  law 
and  usage  of  nations,  he  ought  to  sufl'er  death. 

This  sentence  of  the  Board  of  (General  Olficersj 
was  protested  against,  on  the  ground  that  Audrc 
liad  been  admitted  into  the  American  camp  un- 
der the  protection  of  a  flag,  and  at  the  immediate, 
instance  of  Arnold,  the  commanding  officer  of  the 
district,  whose  safe  passport  and  return  he  had  a 
right  to  demand.  But  the  sentence  was  consent- 
ed to  be  waived  only  on  condition  ot  delivering 
Arnold  into  the  custody  ot  the  American  army  ; 
which  being  refused  by  the  Briti;'h  general,  An- 
dre was  executed  on  the  2d  of  October,  1780,  at 
Tappaa  or  Orangetown,  where  his  remains  were 
afterwards  deposited. 

Thus  in  the  short  space  of  nine  days,  between 
his  arrest  and  execution,  were  the  flattering; 
prospects  of  the  brave  but  unfortunate  Andre 
forever  blasted.  Precipitated  from  the  summit 
of  anticipated  happiness,  he  became,  in  the  bloom 
of  life,  the  victim  of  cruel  disappointment  and  of 
a  premature  g:raye — possessed  of  the  rarest  virtues 
and  accomplishments,  and  esteemed  and  lamented 
by  all  who  knew  him. 

A  respect  to  the  memory  of  Andre  induced  the 
British  government,  a  short  time  since,  at  their 
own  expense,  to  convey  his  remains  to  England, 
where  they  were  deposited  in  the  family  vault 
of  the  Prince  Regent,  the  new  reigning  monarch, 
George  IV.  The  place  of  his  interment  on  the 
Hudson  was  marked  by  a  solitary  cypress.  On  ope- 
ning the  remain?,  it  was  discovered  that  the  roots 
of  the  cypress  had  cotwiued  their  branches  around 


// 


// 


■  1*^ 


38 


NEWBUROH, 


the  skull  of  the  deceased.  The  tree,  it  is  si^id, 
now  serves  ^^endbellish  the  private  garden  of 
Qeorge  IV.  w 

The  four  sui  vivin^^hildren  of  Gen.  Arnold^ 
have  become  pensioners  pf  Great  Britain,  and  re- 
ceive annuities  of  J^lOO  sterling  each. 


H..-^ 


If^' 


PoLLOPELL  Island,  is  situated  at  the  northern 
entrance  of  the  Highlands,  5  miles  above  West 
Fpiat.  It  consists  of  a  mass  of  rock,  and  rises 
near  the  centre  of  the  river,  between  Breakneck 
Hill  on  the  east,  and  Butter  Hill  on  the  west. 
The  altitude  of  the  latter  is  1529  feet— the  for- 
mer is  1187  feet  in  height,  and  contains  the  rock 
called  the  Upper  Anthony's  Nose.  - 


m 


New  WtNDSOR.  Passing  the  Highlands,  the 
prospect  changes  into  a  very  agreeable  contrast. 
The  Bay  of  Newburgh,  with  the  village  of  the 
same  name,  and  New  Windsor,  and  on  the  oppo- 
site shore  the  village  of  Fishkill,  with  its  numer- 
ous Adjacent  manufactories  and  country  seats,  to- 
gether with  a  view  of  the  Hudson  for  many 
miles  above,  lorm  a  prospect  which  cannot  fail  to 
impart  much  interest.  The  village  of  New 
Windsor  stands  on  the  margin  of  the  river,-  7 
miles  from  West  Point  It  is  calculated  for  ft 
very  pleasant  place  of  residence,  but  in  busi- 
ness it  must  yield  to  the  rival  village  of 

Newburgh.  This  is  an  incorporated  village, 
situated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Hudson,  9  miles  north  from  West  Point, 
and  83  miles  south  from  Albanjr.  It  contains 
about  500  houses,  and  a  population  of  3000  in- 
habitants.   From  its  situation  it  commands  an 


;^.asift-   '«.  t 


FOUGHKEEPSTE. 


SO- 


■.':m:-1ii^'i'r-:<> 


extensive  intercourse  and  trade  with  the  country 
on  the  west,  and,  by  means  of  the  Hudson  river, 
with  New-York.  This  place  was  for  some  time 
the  head-quarters  of  the  American  army  during 
the  revolutionary  war.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river  from  Newburgh  is  Beacon  Hill,  one  of 
,the  highest  summits  of  the  Fishkill  mountains, 
where  parties  of  pleasure  frequently  resort,  in 
(the  summer  season,  to  witness  an  extent  of  pros- 
pect including  a  part  of  the  territories  of  five  dif- 
ierent  stales.  This  hill  is  1471  feet  in  height. 
Half  a  mile  south  is  the  New  Beacon,  or  Grand 
Ssichem,  1685  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Hud- 
son. They  are  called  Beacon  Hills  from  the  cir- 
cumstance that  beacons  were  erected  on  their 
samrails  during  the  revolutionary  war.  The 
continuation  of  this  chain  of  mountains  is  lost  ia 
the  Appalachian  Range,  on  the  north-east,  and 
extends  south  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach.  Di- 
minished in  distance,  is  «een  West  Point,  environ- 
ed by  niountains,  apparently  reposing  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  Hudson,  ^ud  bathing  their  rocky  sum- 
mits ia  the  clouds.  *  ri,.  c   ?    .;  ;3 


MiLTOir,  is  a  small  hamlet,  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Hudson  river,  in   the  town  of 


Marlborough,  li   miles 


from  Newburgh. 


This 


place  is  called  the  half-way  place  between  New- 
York  and  Albany,  being  72  1-2  miles  distant  from 
each.  Two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Milton,  on 
the  cast  side  of  the  Hudson,  is  the  mansion  house 
of  the  late  Governoj*  Clinton. 


FovGHKBEPsiE,  15  miles  north  from  New- 
bupgh,  is  situated  one  mile  east  from  the  Hudson, 
on  the  post  road  irom  Albany  to  New-York,  and 


.*  , .  fe 


^  * 


40 


CATTSKILL* 


1,^ 


was  incorporated  io  1801  The  village  is  about 
tlie  same  size  of  Newburg^h,  handsomely  located, 
9ad  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  it  is  laid  out 
in  the  form  of  a  cross,  the  two  principal  streets 
crossing  each  other  at  right-angles.  A  road  leads 
(down  a  long  steep  hill  from  Poughkeepsie,  to  the 
landing  on  the  Hudson  river.  This  landing  is  3 
miles  above  Milton.    About  7  miles  farther  north 

u 

Hyde  Park  Landhvg,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
lludson  river,  near  which  are  a  number  of  coun- 
try seats.  The  first  is  the  mansion  of  Doctor 
Bard — one  mile  farther  is  the  seat  of  A.  S  Pell, 
Esq. — from  thence,  3  miles  up  the  river,  stands  the 
residence  of  Gen.  M.  Lewis,  where  is  a  landing 
placei,  leading  to  Staatsberg,  one  mile  distant, 
i^  the  town  of  Ifyde  Park.  Two  miles  farther 
north  is  the  residence  of  R.  Tillotson,  Esq.  From 
thence  to  Hhinebeck  Landings  is  3  miles — thence 
to  Redhook  Lower  Landing,  where  are  the  man- 
sions of  J.  PL.  Livingston  and  Mrs.  Montgomery, 
is  7  miles — thence  to  Redhook  Upper  Landing,  3 
miles — thence  2  miles  to  the  seat  of  the  late 
Chancellor 

manor  house   of    the 

thence  one  mile  to  Oakhill,  the  residence  of  the 
late  J.  Livingston,  now  possessed  by  Harmon 
Livingston,  Esq. — thence  one  mile  to        .^ 

Catskill.  This  village  takes  its  name 
from  a  large  creek  which  flows  through  it,  an.J 
empties  into  the  Hudson  at  that  place.  It  is  ;*  •• 
iiated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river,  33  miles 
fioiiji  Albany,  apd  contains  about  200  dwellings, 


Livingston — thence  7  miles  to  the 
late   Lord   Livingston — 


PINE   ORCHAnt)< 


41 


and  1500  inhabitants.  On  Cattskill  Creek  arc 
already  a  number  of  mills  and  manufactories, 
and  the  general  appearance  of  the  village  is 
highly  flattering,  as  it  respects  its  future  growth 
and  prosperity.  This  village  is  in  the  i.^medit 
ate  neighborhood  of  the  Kaisbergs  or  Catskill 
mountains,  which  are  seen  for  many  miles  along 
the  Hudson,  and  here  assume  a  truly  majestic 
and  sublime  appearance.  The  highest  eleva- 
tion of  this  range  of  mountains  is  in  the  county 
of  Greene,  from  8  to  12  miles  distant  from  the 
river,  including  the  Round  Top^  3804  feet,  and 
High  Peak.  37 1 8  feet  in  heigh  t.  The  village  of 
Catskill,  which  has  hitherto  been  visited,  prin- 
cipally by  men  of  business,'has  recently  become 
the  resort  of  people  of  fashion  and  pleasure,  who 
design  a  tour  to  the 

Pine    Orchard,   a  place   which  for  two 
years  past,    has  attracted  the    attention  of   all 
classes  of  men,  and  still  continues  to  draw  to  it, 
numbers  of  those  who  are  fond  of  novelty   and 
especially  of  the  sublime  and  romantic  scenery  in 
which  it  abounds.     Regular  stages  leave  Catskill 
for  the   Pine   Orchard  twice  a  day.    The  fare 
is  the  moderate    price    of  one    dollar*      The 
whole  distance  is   12  miles,  computed  as  fol- 
lows :  From  the  village  to  Lawrence's  tavern,  7 
miles — from  thence  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain, 
2  miles — from  thence  to  Pine  Orchard,  3  miles. 
This  distance  is  passed,  in  going,  in  about  4  hours 
— in  returning,  in  about  two  hours.  The  country 
through  which  the  road  passes  has  nothing  in- 
teresting in  its  appearance,  until  it  reaches  the 
mountain,  being  generally  uneven  and  burfen, 
and  diverisfied  with  but  one  or  two  compara- 
tively small  spots  of  cultivation,  jppon  which  the 
eye  can  rest  with  satisfaction.    A  short  time  it 


42 


PINE   ORCHARD. 


usually  taken  up  at  Lawrence's,  for  the  purposA 
of  refreshment,  before  encountering^  the  rugged 
ascent  of  the  mountains.  This  part  of  the  roadl 
is  generally  good,  but  circuitous,  and  often  pass- 
es on  the  brink  of  some  deep  ravine,  or  at  the 
foot  of  some  frowning  precipice,  inspiring  at 
times,  an  unwelcome  degree  of  terror.  The 
rock  upon  which  stands  the  Hotel  of  Mr.  Charles 
H.  Webb,  forms  a  circular  platform,  is  of  an  un- 
even surface,  and  includes  about  six  acres.  It  is 
elevated  above  the  level  of  the  Hudson,  about 
3000  feet.  The  Hotel  is  1^  feet  in  length,  24 
feet  in  width,  and  4  stories  high,  and  has  piazzas 
in  front,  the  whole  length,  and  a  wing  extending^ 
in  the  rear  for  lodging  rooms.  The  building  is 
€>wned  by  the  "  Catskill  mountains  Association,'*^ 
an  incorpoi  >  =d  company,  with  a  capital  of  $10,- 
000.  It  is  well  furnished,  and  possesses  every 
convenience  and  accomodation,  requisite  to  the 
comfort  and  good  cheer  of  its  numerous  guests. 
The  prospect  from  Pine  Orchard  embraces  a 
greater  extent,  and  more  diversity  of  scenery^ 
thaii  is  to  be  found  in  any  other  part  of  the  state, 
or  perhaps  in  the  United  States.  The  vast  vari- 
ety of  fields,  farms,  villages,  towns  and  citiesv 
between  the  green  mountains  of  Vermont,  on  the 
north,  and  the  highlands  on  the  south,  and  the 
Taghkanick  mountains  on  the  east,  together  with 
the  Hudson  river,  studded  with  islands  and  ves- 
sels, some  of  which,  may  be  seen  at  even  the 
distance  of  60  miles,  is  apparent  in  a  clear  at- 
mosphere, to  thfi  naked  eye  ;  and  when  the  scene 
is  gradually  untold ed,  at  the  opening  of  the  day, 
it  assumes  rather  the  appearance  of  enchantment 
than  a  reality.  It  is  not  uncommon,  at  this  place, 
to  witness  storms  of  snow  and  rain  in  their  gea- 


ATHENS— HODSOM. 


43 


sons,  midway  the  mountaiii,  while  all  is  clear 
and  serene  on  its  summit.  About  two  miles  from 
the  Hotel,  are  the  Kaaterskill  Falls,  which 
take  their  name  from  the  stream  t)n  which  they 
are  situated.  This  stream  takes  its  rise  from 
two  small  lakes,  half  a  mile  in  the  rear  of  the 
Hotel ;  and  after  a  westerly  course  of  a  mile  and 
a  half,  the  waters  fall  perpendicularly  175  feet, 
and  after  pausing;  a  moment  on  a  projection  of 
the  rock,  plunge  agani  down  a  precipice  of  85 
feet  more,  making  the  whole  descent  of  the  falls« 
260  feet.  The  road  to  the  falls  is  extremely 
rough  ;  but  this  objection  "will  hardly  deter  the 
traveller  from  a  visit  to  a  spot  So  novel  and  rc>« 
mantic. 


Athens,  five  miles  above  Catskill,  is  an  in« 
corporated  Tillage,  and  contains  1000  inhabitants. 
Its  situation,  on  a  gentle  slope  of  land,  rising^ 
gradually  trom  the  river^  gi/es  it  a  very  favour* 
able  appearance.  The  vicinity  of  Athens  to 
Hudson^  immediately  opposite,  seems  to  forbid 
that  importance  in^  point  of  trade,  its  location 
might  otherwise  warrant.  Athens  furnishes  a 
number  of  beautifur  scites  on  the  bank  of* the 
river  ;  some  of  which  are  already  occupied  by 
the  elegant  mansions  of  private  genQemfen. 

'  The  City  of  Hudson  stands  on  the  East  side 
of  the  river,  30  miles  south  from  Albnny.  The 
plain  on  which  Hudson  is  situated  rises  abruptly 
from  the  river,  by  banks  from  50  to  60  feet 
in  height ;  and  terminates  on  the  east,  at  the 
foot  of  high  lands,  which  overlook  the  city  at  an 
alevation  of  some  hundred  feet,  andfurnishi  a 


,    -r-^ 


44 


COXSACKIE   LANDINO. 


prospect  of  tbe  Hudson  river  and  scenery  for 
many  miles  in  extent.  The  city  contains  a  pop* 
ulation  of  4500  inhabitants,  and  is  daily  increas- 
ing^ in  wealth,  population  and  commerce.  Cla* 
rerack  creek  on  the  east,  and  Kinderhook  creek 
on  the  north,  afford  every  facility  for  mills  and 
manufactories,  in  which  Hudson  abounds  ;  and 
which  have  entitled  it  to  the  third  rank,  in  man- 
ufactures, in  the  state.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Hudson,  appear  a  number  of  country  seats 
with  the  farm  houses  and  cultivation  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Athens  snd  Catskill,  bounc^^d 
by  the  lofty  Katsbergps,  rising  in  the  back  ground 
and  mingling  their  rugged  summits  with  the 
clouds. 


CoxsACKiB  LAif DING,  where  are  several  hou* 
•es  and  stores,  is  eight  miles  north  of  Hudson. 
From  thence  to  Kinderhook  landi  ;^  is  2  miles. 
Here  are  about  25  dwellings  and  a  post  office* 
The  village  of  Kinderhook  is  situated  5  mile» 
east.  Three  miles  further  north,  is  the  village 
of  New  Baltimore — thence  to  Coeymans,  2  miles 
— thence  to  Schodac  village,  3  miles — thence  to 
Castleton  landing,  2  miles — thence  to  Albany  S 
miles.  The  distances  of  the  intervening  places, 
from  New- York  to  Albany  are  as  follows  : — 


Miles. 

Mile», 

Manhattan  ville,     ,      8 

Verplanck's  Point, 

4 

Kingsbridge,             ^    4 

PeekskiU  V. 

3 

Philipstown,                 5 

Fort  Montgomery, 

3 

Tarry  Town,              10 

West  Point, 

7 

Mount  Pleasant,  V.      6 

Pollopell  Island, 

6 

Croton,                         2 

New  Windsor  V. 

2 

Haverstraw,  V.            1 

Newburgh,   , 

2 

ALBANY* 


45 


;   i     *         JWiles, 
Milton,  11 

Foughkeepsie,  3 

Hyde  Park,  6 

Esopus,  4 

Rhinebeckf  5 

Lower  Red  Hook,  7 
Upper  Red  Hook,  3 
Clermont,  2 

CattskiU,  9 


Miles, 

Hudson,  5 

Coxsackie,  % 

Kinderhook,  2 

New  Baltimore,  3 

Coeymans,  2 

Schodack,  9 

Castleton,  ft 

Albany,  8 


ALBANY. 
Though  much  inferiour  in  point  of  population 
and  commerce,  and  we  may  add  in  point  of  beau- 
ty and  elegance,  to  New- York,  the  city  of  Alba- 
ny is  ncTertheless  considered  the  capital  of  the 
state.  It  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  145  miles  north  from  New- York,  and 
about  ten  miles  south  from  Waterford,  the  ex- 
treme point  of  sloop  navi^tion.  The  scite  of 
Albany,  which  rises  with  a  gradual  ascent  from 
the  river,  to  the  height  of  153  iieet,  in  the  dis- 
tance of  half  a  mile,  gives  the  city  a  very  favour- 
able appearance  as  you  approach  it  on  the  Hud- 
son. But  the  first  impression  is  rather  diminish- 
ed than  increased  by  a  more  intimate  prospect. 
Most  of  the  streets  are  narrow,  and  irregular  ; 
and  with  all  the  elegance  displayed  in  the  con- 
struction of  its  builtliDgs,  the  stranger  is  too  of- 
ten reminded  of  its  original  settlers,  by  the  fre- 
quent occurrence  of  their  antique  edifices.  Tho 
capitol,  which  contains  the  legislative  halls,  and 
many  other  apartments  for  publick  business, 
stands  at  the  head  of  state-street,  on  an  elevation 
of  130  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river.    Tht 


,i<' 


4S 


ALBANV. 


war  'he  cemrfo/  which  A°?h"'"'  ?^  «'«>»•*  aer 
eluded  a  Uiitrict  on  b«.h  m'"'"  """''"l.  in- 
«4  mile,  „ije.  and  42  m.u''','  <>f  «he  HuU  oS. 

by  the  Hon  Stephen  Van  R.n  "?"*  ""'I'tion^ 
ntlHooe  ,iaud8  nearlvin  .K  "*""«'''«'•.  whose  re- 
"the  no.,h  e„n  fh,"chv"'f  7  "ii}"'  "«■'«'. 

§:>•«.*  .w,,h  the  prSv^'T"""'  "»»"  df. 
Proprielor.      VSe  m!7  opulence  of  it,  worthy 

,      •"/ny  objec,,  of  t«,tran,r'  '"'!'"'■  •■"<"'s"he 
'      of  Albany    l„rLi  "  curiosity  m  the  cfi, 

•nu'emenC  i  TaU^-'^^u"'*'  ""hare  of  "f 
;^«y  hall.     ThebXi"'^*  3d  'lory  of  thi  oW 
f  ~t  eligible.  althS  T?„>  '»'"  I."  ^-^  'h. 
•mi'le  room  for  the  dis^riav  of^L  "°"'"  '^""'i*e. 
nositie,  of  naturtand  /f  f/*!!  ■'"""•■'""cu- 
ThewhoIscoll^et.oa"  Jh?"^  *'"*'■•  exhibited, 
'fl.  m  number,  ,  aHety   't  °  *''"*' ''''""  ««  "X- 
»  her  in  ,he  United  StX      '-.'::'•'"'?*•»«=•"■  any 
buMcM  which  poDstantlv  „:  J  V.l*""' <1*°  "f 
«'«ntlyi„Jieate.4heS  *■?"  ^"-'^"'15- 

Albany  ,u^tai„,  in  p,„n,  *f  ^  "»P<"-tance  which 
«lation  i,  about  12^)00°  /  "'^"nerpe.  Its  pop. 
fa    indicat.on/if'^'fblickl.'""'*'"  t'^""^"- 

^tw'e^t  *^  -'^<•f  wy'o  r^^l'o  i.Ur"' 

nate  at  Alh,„y  ("L'to^T  ,^ "    ">«  "''?-   termi. 


4 


ad  is  115  feet 

I  height.     The 

pdat  1115.000. 

of  Rensselaer, 

is  situated,  in- 

af  the  Hudson, 

ig:  from  east  to 

me  exceptionfy 

aer,  iivhosc  re- 

of  the  manor, 

with  its  niag- 

I  no  small  de- 

5  of  its  worthy 

sh,  among  the 

ty  in  the  city 

ts  share  of  a- 

lory  of  the  old 

!  said  to  be  the 

liour  furnishes 

numerous  cu- 

ere  exhibited. 

.1  if  not  to  rx- 

mcnt,  any 

ic^ssant  din  of 

|the  ear,suffi- 

rtance  which 

ce.    Its  pop- 

se  two  essen- 

[ity  it  yields 

he  northern 

ir  waters  in 

city,   terrni- 

on  the  west 

h,  and  fronn 

end  of  the 

the  rivef, 


TROYi 


4T 


mud  at  ib«  app«  end,  a  boat  lock  oonnecting  with 
the  canal.  The  water  in  the  basin  » from  10  to 
15  feet  deep.  From  Albany,  stages  start  regu- 
larly for  Montreal,  (Canada  ;)  for  Salem  and 
Whitehall ;  and  also  for  Niagara,  (N.  Y.)  for 
Burlington,  Middlebury,  Rutland,  Bennington^ 
Brattleborough  and  Windsor,  (Vt.)  for  Walpoli, 
Keene  and  Hanover,  (N.  H.)  and  BoHton,  (Mass.) 
A  regular  line  of  post  coaches  is  also  established 
during  the  summer  months,  between  Albany 
and  Sandy-Hill,  via  Troy.  Lansiugburgh,  Wa- 
terford,  Ballston  and   Saratoga  Springs.      Thii 

*  line  is  accommodated  with  convenient  seats,  anc^ 
with  excellent  horses,  and  arrives.*'  and  departs 

-  from  Albany  every  day  in  the  week  except  Sun- 
days. The  mail  stage  also  leaves  Albany  every 
day  for  Saratoga  Springs,  on  the  same  route* 
The  fare  to  Ballston  is  |t  1 ,50-;  to  Saratoga  Spris&;9* 
^2,00.    Six  miles  farther  up  the  river  stands  toe 

CiTT  OF  Trot  ;  bounded  on  tlie  east  by  a 
range  of  hills  rising  abruptly  from  the  alluvial 
plain  on  which  Troy  is  situated,  and  which  ex- 
tends to  the  Hudson  river,  ^ts  western  boundary. 
In  point  of  location  and  beautiful  natural  scene- 
ry, the  city  of  Troy  is  exceeded  by  few,  if  any, 
of  the  towns  and  villages  on  the  Hudson.  The  . 
streets,  running  north  and  south,  con^rge  to- 
gether at  the  north  end  of  the  city,  and  are 
crossed  ut  right  angles  by  those  running  east 
and  west.  The  buildings  are  principally  built 
of  brick,  and  are  shaded  by  rows  of  trees  on  each 
side  of  streets  which  are  preserved  remarkably 
clean,  by  additions  of  slate  and  gravel,  instead  of 
pavements.  The  population  of  Troy  is  about 
7,000.    There  are  three  houses  of  publickwor- 


•.M,. 


■V- 


4S 


LAf^SINOBURGH. 


jhr. 


*| 


Jf 


-.1 


ill 


f  f 


fhip,  a  court-house  and  a  goal.  A  large  thre^ 
ttory  brick  building  has  recently  been  erected, 
fit  the  expense  of  the  corporation,  for  the  accom- 
inodation  of  the  female  seminary  incorporated  at 
this  place.  This  institution  is  under  the  gpvern- 
meht  of  a  female  priocipal  and  several  assistants^ 
whose  exertions  have  given  it  a  dese^ipvcd  celeb- 
rity over  similar  institutions  in  the  state.  There 
are  annually  educated  at  this  seminary  from  60. 
to  80  females.  The  friends  of  literature  have  al- 
so established  a  Lyceuip  at  this  place  ;  which, 
though  of  recent  origin,  promises  much  advan-^ 
tage  and  usefulue^  to  its  patrons. 
» 

LAfrsiNGBrRG^,  three  miles  from  Troy,  is 
principally  built  on  a  single  street,  runi^ing  paral- 
lel with  the  river.  A  high  hill  rises  abruptly  be> 
hind  the  village,  on  whiph  is  seem  the  celebrated 
d^fim^nc)  roc^,  which  fit  times  ex|iit;s  a  brilliant 
lustre,  from  the  reflected  rays  of  the  sun.  The 
appearance  of  Lansingbui^h  by  no  means  indi- 
cates a  high  state  of  prosperity.  The  houses 
are  generally  very  irregularly  constructed,  and 
many  of  them  in  a  state  of  decay.  The  village 
eontains  a  bank,  two  places  of  publick  worship, 
and  an  academy.  Its  population  does  not  exceed 
3,000.  At  the  north  end  of  the  village,  a  well 
btiilt  and  handsome  fridge  ei^tends  across  the 
Hudson  river,  to  the  village  of  ' 


Watbrforp,  Tl^is  village  has  been  recent<r 
ly  incorporated,  and  in  point  of  size  and  com- 
merce may  be  considered  the  capital  of  Saratoga 
county,  ft  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Mohiaif k  with  the  Hudson,  and  derives  consider- 
able importance  from  the  navigation  qf  si^aU 
renelsi  whioh^  by  means  of  a  ^ock  and  dam  in  the 


COHOES< 


49 


[river  about  3  miles  below,  at  most  seasons  of  the; 
year  arrive  and  depart  to  and  from  its  ports.  Th«. 
village  contains  a  population  of  1500  inhabitants. 
It  already  enjoys  many  advantages  for  trade,  and 
its  importance  will  be  much  increased  by  the 
northern  canal,  which  joins  the  Hudson  river  at 
this  place.  About  a  mile  from  Watert'ord,  i^  a 
south  westerly  direction,  is  the  celebrated 


'Ml 


COHOES, 

A  fall  of  "^ater  on  the  Mohawk  river,  about 
40  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  and  including 
the  descent  above,  about  70  feet.    A  fine  view 
of  the  falls  and  the  romantick  scenery  around,  ii 
furnished  from  the  bridge  which  has  been  ereC'^ 
ted    f^cross    the  riv^r,  about  half  a  mile  dis- 
tant.     I'he  lofty  barrier  of  rocks  Tfhich  ci^n- 
fme  the  course    of  the    Mohawk— the  distei^nt 
roar  of  the  cataract — the  dashing  of  the  wateri 
as  they  descend  in  rapids  beneath  you — and  the 
striking  contrast  of  the  torrent,  with  the  solitude 
of  the  Scenery  above,  contribute  to  render  the 
whole  an  unusual  scene  of  sublimity  and  gran- 
deur.    An  old  tradition  states,  that  a  chief  of 
the  Mohawks,  attempting  to  cross  in  his  canoe, 
embarked  too  near  the  current  of  the  falls  to 
escape  their  v~  ascent.    Finding  himself  unable  to 
resist  the  influence   of  the  tide,  which  hurried 
him  fast  to  the  summit,  with  true  Indian  herojsm, 
he  turned  his  canoe  into  the  stream,  assumed  his 
station  at  the  helm,  and  with  a  pi^ddle  in  one 
hand  and  his  bottle  in  the  other,  was  precipitated 
over  the  brink. 

Van  Schaick's  Islaitd,  is  situated  in  the 
Ticioity  of  Waterford  and  is  formed  by  the  sprout! 


"iiip'' 


30 


*BCHANICS   VILLB, 


of  the  Mohawk  nV^     •  •  . 

ver   nine  milen  north ''orAT^ 

noted  for  bein^  the  Jip-d        ^''^-    ^his  spot  i. 

«an  army,  in  1777    r        ^«a'"ters  of  the  Am^  • 

J  here  are  Faw  .o    ^  j"^*    .at    Bemua*   w«.-  ua 
intpr*»«f       !  I^  ^^'^^es  more  frui^fMi  •       Wejg^hts. 
mterest  and  dehght  to  th^!/.        "^'  '^  sources  of 

f  •     Hebb,  at  one  nlinf   K  "^^'^  ^^^°  Sarafo: 
pursuit  of  healfK         P^*°*»  beckons  him  T^  #1 

While  Mar,,  at  anotheiin^f    'l*''^*'"^    boon 

where  military  com-ile  '»„T'^  ''''»  «»  'he  field 

,       •'  h.,  hand,  the  palm  n?''  ?'"'"-P™e  received 

'       »<=«""  associated   PkhthI  ^'^""■y-     Whilst Ihe 
country  shall  ininrf  »„"'■* '"^'Pendence  of  ™r 

,     ^;«1U>  and  amtSent  ,han  r^'"""  "^  '""^  « 

-nt^'intfc^'  s^^^  re 

•"-l  thephilo,o;h^;««'««''.pnable.  the  patr^' 

ffon,  Wflterfqrd.  It  eont.f  '  u'  "tnated  8  miles 
•    '"Sf'  a  post  office,  and  f^r  f  °"*  "''"'y  dwdl! 
and  mills;  which  har^h'^'y  »  <=otton  facto7v 
road  from  WaferS  ,T'\l^''^''*^r  burn      & 
margin  of  the  nV^o  Vh 1 1""'^' «*»  "- the' 
.1,    n' ""y  point  of  the  ,!.■!♦  '  ^'^^  maybe 

•he  Borough  the  road  is  .f '"f '    ^ft^--  'eavin^ 

"  «  litUe  cluster  of  b„.?H''''^'°?'*''«BortCh 


9ALLST0N    SPA. 


51 


the  appearance  of  a  thriving^  place ;  it  is  ip  the 
town  of  Malta,  and  is  sarcastically  called  Slab 
City.  One  mile  further,  are  the  four  corpersy 
known  by  the  name  of 

Dunning -Street.  Here  are  two  publick 
houses,  a  store  and  a  number  of  dwelling;s.  It  i« 
called  Dunning- Strpet  from  a  family  of  the  samci 
name,  who  first  came  to  settle  there,  and  who 
still  reside  in  the  neig^hbourhood.  The  farms  ia 
this  section  are  some  of  the  best  in  the  county, 
and  are  under  very  gopd  improvement.  The 
country  is  remarkably  level,  and  from  that  cir- 
cumstance probably  horse  coursing;  has  become 
very  common  here,  apd  is  held  at  least  twice,  an- 
nually. Ballstpn  Spa  is  situated  foqr  miles  frpoi 
Dunning  Street  in  a  north  westerly  direction ; 
Saratoga  Springs,  8  miles  in  a  northerly  direc- 
tion ^ 

The  Distances  from  Albany  to  Ballston  Spa  are 
|U  follows : 

Miles. 

Troy,         -^y^^'r       6 

Lansingburgh,  3 

Waterford,  1 

Borough,  8 


Miles, 
Slab  Citv,  7 

Dunniug-Street,        1 
Ballston  Spa,  4 


BALLSTON  SPA, 

This  pleasant  village  lies  in  the  town  of  MiU 
ton,  in  the  county  of  Saratoga  ;  and  is  situated  in 
a  low  valley,  through  the  center  of  which,  flows 
a  branch  of  the  Kayaderosseras,  with  whose  wa- 
ters it  jiiingles  at  the  east  efid  of  the  village. — > 
The  natural  boundaries  of  Ballston  Spa  are  well 
4e^ed  by  steep  and  loftv  hills  of  ^aod  pi(  th$ 


f 


■■ 


if 


0 


52 


BALL8T0N   SPA< 


north  and  west,  and  by  a  ridge  of  land,  which 
{gradually  slopes  inward,  and  encircles  the  village 
on  the  south  and  east.  The  broad  and  ample 
Kayaderosseras,  whose  stream  gives  motion  to  a 
neighbouring  mill,  flows  on  the  north  east  boun- 
dary of  the  villa(_e,  and  furnishes  a  favourite  re* 
sort  for  the  sportsman,  on  the  bosom  of  its  waters, 
or  for  the  loiterer  along  its  verdant  banks.  The 
village  was  incorporated  in  1807,  and  is  under  the 
direction  of  three  trustees,  who  are  chosen  annu« 
ally.  It  contains  112  houses,  and  6 14  inhabitants. 
Besides  the  Court  House  for  the  county,  and  the 
clerk's  office,  which  are  located  here,  there  is  rh 
Episcopal  and  a  Baptist  Church«  an  Academy,  and 
a  Female  Seminary ;  likewise  a  Printing  Office 
and  a  Book  Store,  with  which  a  l^eading  Room 
is  connected  for  the  accommodation  of  visitants. 
The  FsMALS  Sebcinart  is  under  the  super* 
intendeace  of  Mr.  Booth,  a  gentleman  who  is  em- 
inently qualified  for  the  undertaking,  having 
been  for  a  number  of  years  the  principal  instruc- 
tor in  the  female  academy  at  Al^&ny*  The  scite 
of  tlie  institution  is  on  a  very  pleasant  and  healthy 
eminence,  commanding  a  view  of  the  whole  vil- 
lage, and  the  surrounding  country  for  some  dis- 
tance. The  building  itself  is  spacious  and  airy, 
and  occupies  with  the  outgrounds  and  improve* 
ments,  upwards  of  an  acre  of  land.  This  insti- 
tution, though  of  recent  establishment,  has,  from 
the  well  known  experience  and  celebrity  of  its 
proprietor,  commanded  a  full  share  of  patronage. 
There  were  educated  here  during  the  last  season, 
about  40  females,  from  various  parts  of  the  state, 
and  some  from  other  states.  Among  the  various 
briinches  taught,  are  naturi^l  and  moral  philoso-* 


BALLSTON  SPA, 


53 


phy,  belleslettres,  chemistry,  geometry  and  his- 
tory ;  and  when  required,  competent  teachers  in- 
struct in  the  several  branches  of  musick,  draw- 
ing and  dancing.  The  terms  of  tuition  and  board 
are  quite  reasonable  ;  and  the  general  manage^ 
ment  of  the  institution  is  spoken  of  in  the  highest 
terms  of  commendation. 

Ballston  Spa  principally  derives  its  celebrity 
from  the  mineral  springs  which  flow  here  and 
lit  Saratoga  in  equal  abundance.  The  spring 
first  discovered  in  the  vicinity,  stands  on  the  flat, 
nearly  opposite  the  boarding  establishment  of 
Mr.  Aldridge.  It  formerly  flowed  out  of  a  com- 
mon barrel,  sunk  around  it,  without  any  other 
protection  from  the  invasion  of  cattle,  who  often 
slacked  their  thirst  in  its  fountain.  Afterwards 
the  liberality  of  the  citizens  was  displayed  in  a 
marble  curb  and  flagging,  and  a  handsome  iron 
railing.  The  curb  and  flagging  were  finally  re- 
moved, leaving  the  railing,  which  still  serves 
the  purposes  of  ornament  and  'protection.  The 
spring  flows  now,  probably,  from  the  place  where 
it  originally  issued,  some  feet  below  the  surroun- 
ding surface,  which  has  been  elevated  by  addi- 
tions of  earth,  for  the  purpose  of  improving  the 
road  in  which  it  stands. 

Low's  Spring  is  situated  at  the  east  end  of 
the  village,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Low,  from  whom 
it  takes  its  name,  and  to  whose  munificence  and 
liberality,  the  village  is  much  indebted.  Over 
this  fountain,  a  large  and  commodious  bathing 
house  has  been  erected ;  to  which,  not  only  the 
waters  of  this,  but  of  ai^umber  of  other  adja- 
cent springs,  are  tributary,  for  the  purpose  of  ba- 
thing. Between  the  two  springs  already  men- 
tioned, there  was  discovered  in  the  summer  of 


H 


BALtSTON  SPA. 


18ltt  a  mineral  springy,  called  the  Washington 
./buntain.  This  latter  spring  rose  on  the  margin 
of  the  creek  in  front  of  the  factory  huilduig;  U 
flowed  through  a  curb  28  feet  in  length,  sunk  4o 
the  depth  of  ^  feet,  and  was  liberated  at  the  top 
in  the  form  of  a  beautiful  j>/  cTeau.  This  spring 
disappeared  in  1821.  Numerous  attempts  have 
since  been  made  to  recover  it,  but  they  have 
proved  fruitless. 

The  principal  ingredients  «f  these  waters  con- 
sist of  muriate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  soda,  carbo- 
nate of  lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  and  carbo- 
nate of  iron;  all  of  which,  in  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree, enter  into  the  composition  of  the  waters, 
both  here  and  at  Saratoga.  - 

The  principal  boarding  .loiises  are  the  Sans 
Souci,  Aldridge's,  the  Village  Hotel  and  Corey's. 
The  Sa^s  Soirci,  with  its  yards  and  out  hous  > 
es,  occupies  an  area  of  some  acres  in  the  east  part 
of  the  village^     The  plan  of  the  building,  with 
the  expensive  improvements  around  it,  do  much 
credit  to  the  taste  and  liberality  of  its  proprietor. 
The  establishment  was  formerly  the  property  of 
Mr.  Low,  of  New  York ;  from  whom  it  has  re- 
cently passed  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Loomis,  its 
present  owner,  and  under  whose  management  the 
most  entire  satisfaction  is  given  to  its  annual  vis- 
itants.    The  edifice  is  constructed  of  wood,  three 
stories  high,  160  feet  in  length,  with  two  wings 
extending  back  153  feet,  and  is  calculated  for  the 
accommodation  of  130  boarders.      It  is  surround 
ded  by  a  beautiful  yard,  ernamented  with  a  vari- 
ety of  trees  and  shrubbery,  which,  with  its  exten- 
sive  piazzas  and  spacious  halls,  render  it  a  de- 
lightful retreat  during  the  oppressive  heat  of  sum- 
mer. 


!i-.,>y5JL 


BALLSTON   SPA. 


6d 


Aldridge^s  Boarding  House,  with  which  is 
connected  an  extensive  g^arden,  at  the  west  end 
of  the  village,  and  Cqrky's.  at  the  south  end^ 
are  not  inierior  in  point  of  accommodation,  and 
receive  their  full  share  of  patronage.  Their 
more  retired  location,  and  the  profusion  of  rural 
scenery  around  them,  as  well  as  tbe  deserved 
reputation  of  the  establishments,  will  always  de- 
termine the  choice  of  a  large  portion  of  visitants 
during  their  transient  residence  at  the  springs. 

The  Village  liiTEL,  is  in  a  convenient  sit- 
uation a  few  rods  west  of  the  Sans  Souci.  It  is 
now  kept  by  the  proprietor,  iVIr.  Clark,  and  is  a 
very  agreeable  and  pleasant  boarding  place  for 
strangers  during  the  summer  months. 

Mrs.  M'iVIaster's,  is  a  private  boarding  house^ 
situated  adjacent  to  the  spring,  on  the  flat,  in  the 
west  part  of  the  village.  Those  who  are  fond  of 
a  retired  situation,  will  be  much  gratified  at  this 
place,  and  withal  will  find  a  hospitable  hostess, 
and  very  excelleat  accommodations,  at  a  mode- 
rate price.  Besides  these,  there  are  other  houses 
of  accommodation  ;  the  principal  of  which  is  the 

Mansiojjt  Hocse,  kept  by  Mr  Kidd.  This 
house  is  situated  in  a  central  part  of  the  village, 
is  well  kept,  and  every  attentiniji  ispaid  which  can 
contribute  to  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  its 
guests.  The  price  of  board  per  week,  at  the  seT* 
eral  houses*  is  as  follows  : — 


Sans  Soitci, 
Aldridgs's, 
Corey's, 
Village  Hotel, 
Maitsion  House, 
Mrs.  M'Ma8ter's» 


M,; 


|10,00 
8,00 

.  8,00 
5,00 
5,00 
6i0^ 


56 


SARATOGA    SPRINGS* 


Mails  arrive  and  depart  to  and  from  Ballston 
Spa,  every,  day  in  the  week,  Sundays  excepted. 
Betides  a  post  office  at  the  village  there  is  one  in 
the  town  of  Ballston,  about  three  miles  distant, 
to  which  letters  are  frequently  missent,  owing  to 
the  neglfsct  of  correspondents  in  making  the 
j>roper  direction. 

The  reading  room  and  library  may  be  resor- 
ted to  at  all  times,  and  for>a  very  moderate  com* 
pensation.  Papers  are  there  furnished  from  all 
parts  of  the  union.  The  library,  which  includes 
come  periodical  publications,  is  small ;  «biit  valu- 
able selections  may  be  made,  either  for  instruc- 
tion or  amusement. 

Six  miles  from  Ballston  Spa,  in  a  southerly 
direction,  is  Ballston  Lake,  or  as  it  is  sometimes 
called  the  Long  Lake.  The  «nly  accommoda- 
tions, on  an  excursion  to  the  lake,  are  furnished 
at  the  farm  house,  recently  owned  by  a  Mr.  Mc- 
Donald, on  its  western  margin.  This  gentleman 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  on  his  first  arrival 
in  America,  settled  with  his  brother,  in  1763,  on 
this  spot,  where  he  continued  to  reside  until  his 
decease,  in  1823.  It  was  at  this  house  Sir  William 
Johnson  passed  some  time  on  his  first  journey  to 
Saratoga  Springs,  as  early  as  the  year  1767. 
The  lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  5  miles 
jiong  and  1  broad.  The  scenery  around  affords 
a  pleasing  landscape  of  cultivation  and  wood 
lands,  no  less  inviting  to  the  sportsman,  than  the 
soft  bosom  of  the  lake  and  its  finny  inhabitants 
to  the  amateurs  of  the  rod. 


.« 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS, 

Is  situated  north  easterly  from  Ballston  Spa  7 
miles,  and  24  miles  from  the  village  of  Water- 


SARATOGA    SFRINCM. 


57 


ford.  The  village  is  located  on  an  elevated  spot 
of  ground,  surrounded  by  a  productive  plain 
country,  and  enjoys,  if  not  the  advantage  of 
prospect,  at  least  the  advantage ^of  a  salubrious 
air  and  climate,  contributing  much  to  the  health 
and  benefit  of  its  numerous  visitants.  The 
springs,  so  justly  celebrated  for  their  medicinal 
virtues,  are  situated  on  the  margin  of  a  vale, 
bordering  the  village  on  the  east,  and  are  a  con- 
tinuation of  a  chain  of  springs  discovering  them- 
selves about  12  miles  to  the  south,  in  the  town  of 
Ballston,  and  extending  enaterly,  in  the  form  of  a 
crescent,  to  the  Qouker  village.  In  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  are  10  or  12  springs,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Congress,  the  Hamilton,  the  High 
,  Rock,  the  Columbian,  the  Flat  Rock,  and  the 
President.  About  a  mile  east,  at  the  tbrmer 
residence  of  Mr.  Taylor,  are  found  a  cluster  of 
mineral  springs  which  go  by  the  mme  of  the 
Ten  Springs.  These  springs,  as  well  as  those  at 
Ballston  Spa,  partake  of  the  same  properties,  and 
are  only  distinguished  from  each  other  by  a  dif* 

ference  in  the  quantity  of  their  ingredients. 

« 

THE  CONGRESS  SPRING 

Is  situated  at  the  south  end  of  the  village,  on 
lands  owned  by  Messrs  J .  &  R.  Livingston,  and 
was  first  discovered  about  27  years  since,  issuing 
from  a  c  revice  in  the  rock,  a  few  feet  from  its 
present  location.  Here  it  flowed  for  a  number 
of  years,  until  an  attempt  to  improve  the  surface 
around  it,  produced  an  accidental  obstruction  of 
its  waters,  which  afterwards  made  their  appear- 
ance at  the  place  where  ftey  now  flow.  Thig 
spring  is  enclosed  by  a  tube  sunk  into  the  earth 
to  the  distance  of  12  or  14  feet,  which  secures  it 


5& 


•':;   ' 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


Irom  the  water  of  the  stream,  in  the  centre  of 
'Which  it  ii  situated.  In  cleausing  the  springy, 
during  the  last  season,  the  tube  which  encloses  it 
was  found  to  contain  a  stone  ot  477bs.  weight, 
which  had  remained  there  for  10  or  12  years. 
Since  removing  the  stone,  the  waters  have  flowed 
much  faster  than  formerly,  and  have  been  much 
improved  in  quality.  The  improvements  around 
the  spring  have  been  made  from  time  to  time, 
at  the  expense  ol  Doct.  John  Clarke,  of  New- 
Tork,  to  whose  liberality  and  publick  spirit  th« 
Tillage  is  otherwise  much  indebted.    -  "^ 

The  1J1€H  Bock  is  situated  on  the  west  side 
©f  the  valley,  skirting  the  east  side  of  the  vil- 
lage, about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  Congress. 
The  rock  enclosing  this»  spring,  is  in  the  shape 
of  a  cone,  9  feet  diameter  at  its  base,  and  5  het 
in  height.  It  seems  to  have  been  formed  by  a 
concretion  of  particles  thrown  up  by  the  water, 
Which  formerly  flowed  over  its  summit  through 
An  aperture  of  about  12  inches  diameter,  regu- 
larly diverging  from  the  top  of  the  cone  to  its 
base.  This  spring  v«ras  visited  in  the  year  1767, 
by  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  but  was  known  long  before 
by  the  Indians,  who  were  first  led  to  it,  either  by 
accident  or  by  the  frequent  haunts  of  beasts, 
attracted  thither  by  the  saline  jiroperties  of  the 
water.  A  building  was  erected  near  the  spot 
previous  to  the  re\  olutionary  war  ;  afterwards 
abandoned,  and  again  resinned  ;  since  which, 
the  usefulness  of  the  water  has,  from  time  to 
time,  occasioned  frequent  settlements,  within  its 
▼icin  tv. 

The  weier  now  rises  within  2  feet  of  the  sum- 
mit, fcnd  a  common  notion  prevails  that  it  has 
found  a  passage  through  a  fissuref  ot  the  rock 


i  " 


f^GS, 


SARATOGA   SPRINGS* 


69 


U  in  the  centre  of 
using  the  springs, 
"which  encloses  it 
oi  47!bs.  weight, 
r  10  or  12  years, 
waters  have  flowed 
have  been  much 
rorements  around 
rem  time  to  time, 
Clarke,  oi  New- 
ublick  spirit  the 
ted. 

1  on  the  west  side 

side  of  the  vil- 

of  the  Congrress, 

g:,  is  in  the  shape 

s  base,  and  5  feet 

)een  formed  by  a 

up  by  the  water, 

summit  through 

diameter,  regu- 

f  the  cone  to  its 

n  the  year  1767, 

own  long  before 

I  to  it,  either  by 

unts  of  beasts, 

ropertie«!  of  the 

near  the  spot 

ar  ;  afterwards 

;   fince  which, 

1  from  time  to 

nts,  within  its 

>et  of  the  pum- 

lils  that  it  has 

Ire'  of  the  rock 


occasioned  by  the  fall  of  a  tree  ;  since  which  e- 
vent  it  has  ceased  to  flow  over  its  brink.  This 
opinion,  howe\rer,  may  be  doubted.  It  is  proba- 
ble the  decay  of  the  rock,  which  commenced  itt 
formation  on  the  natural  surface  of  the  earth, 
may  have  yielded  to  the  coj^stant  motion  of  the 
water,  and  at  length  opened  a  passBge  between 
its  decayed  base  and  the  loose  earth  on  which  it 
was  formed.  This  idea  is  rendered  probable 
from  the  external  appearance  of  the  rock  at  itt 
eastern  base,  which  has  already  been  penetrated 
by  the  implements  of  curiosity,  a  number  of  in- 
ches. 

Between  the  High  Rock  and  the  Congress  are 
situated  most  of  the  other  mineral  springs  in 
which  this  place  abounds.  At  two  of  the  prin- 
cipal springs,  ihe  Hamilton  and  Monroe,  large 
and  convenient  bathing  houses  have  been  erec- 
ted, which  are  the  constant  resort  for  pleasure  as 
well  as  health,  during  the  warm  months  of  sum- 
mer, 

An  analysis  of  the  mineral  waters  has  recent- 
ly been  published,  by  Dr,  John  H.  Steel,  resi- 
dent at  Saratoga  Springs,  a  gentleman  of  high 
standing,  in  the  attainments  of /cience  and  fully 
competent  to  the  undertaking.  His  analysis,  be- 
sides a  description  of  the  properties  of  the  wa- 
ters, contains  ample  directions  as  to  their  appli- 
cation, and  should  be  perused  by  all  who  would 
^Void  the  evils  so  frequently  resulting  from  an 
excessive  and  untimely  use  of  them.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  description  of  the  properties  and  uses 
of  these  waters  as  published.by  t>r.  Stec^l,  in  his 
report  on  the  geological  structure  of  the  county, 
made  by  him  in  the  year  |821 :       - 

"  The  mineral  waters  of  this  county  have  be*i 

5*  '^ 


80 


IS 


SARATOGA    gPRi.VQg. 


•rtffed  even   i„  R^**^/  j^""*"  »» I  aoknowl- 

be;;  of  place,  in  the  WcinS  "7  5"""''  '■"  »  »»<»- 
.late  formatioa,  .aj.h"'*''  °^  *"«  l'-?-II»ceo„s 
the.r  origin,  .,  before  ^"7  J'r^^^^y  "we 
'?■>  of  the  »ulphure7  of  /^n '  "  •^,''^<">'npo«- 
tbjs  rock,  '^      *'  ™  "^on.  which  occurs  in 

.prltbS^X't'W^'r'""^  ?•"'  •'"P'"-'«nt 
e«t  horderof  Sara  o-aT  "'•"•;'  ^'"""ed  on  the 
of  snake-hill,  at  the''  h^?     '    ,  "'  "  ""'"  south 
>''"chope„,'t„thel'k^'lT,°'^i''  "^'"f  "Vine 
Of  thi,   beautiful  ,h"et  of  1'''.'^°'*'  "  ""O  "'^w 
"tuated  but  ,  few  rod,  frZ  l;;-    J"*  ''«"  » 
*«ter  ri,e,  up  through  1  bed     f''""^     ''''"' 
Warl,  .^(1  diffuse,  jts  „fl„l.^.        "f  "'•gUIaceous 
wosphere  .„  ,omrdT,  P„^"T '''^?''\'" '^e  at- 
1  mped  when  first  dipped   h","™''-     "  "  "<"•/ 
t™e  depo,it,  a  smara.,a„, ,  °°f'""''"ff'°'"e 
e"th  ;  which,   when  (hr         ^  "^  »'-?illaceo„s 

«xh,bit,eWde'„,I,o7, uh.hr  "t.*?"**^'  ""'«''. 
J>kew«e  deposited  arouml^h  ^''"  '«<'''«e''t  is 
the  course  of  i„  current    "^  ^'  'P""°'  "'"^  "'on? 

Ihe  water  conducted  dCf.r"'"""''""'  ''«■•«.  and 

/ouaUin,  Which  ptduX t /uZ'"  •?""' '""»"  "•' 
b  ^       '^  ^ '™cient  quantity  for 


SARATOGA   SPRINGS, 


61 


ijarnited  coals. 


n  fionsfont  supply.  Bathing  in  waicrs  of  thii 
description  hns  Ion*  been  celebrated  for  its  effi- 
cHcy  in  the  cure  of  a  ^reat  variety  of  eruptive 
dis^Bsef,  Hnd  it  in  highly  probable  that  thi« 
pprinjr  will  ultimately  become  an  important  ap- 
pendas^e  to  the  di^tino^uished  waters  of  Saratogi^ 
find  Ballston,  from  which  it  is  but  a  lew  miles 
distant,  and  (he  ride  includes  all  the  variety  of 
scenery  presented  by  (he  lake  and  its  environs. 

"  Sulphuretted  hydroj^ea  likewise  occurs  in 
the  waters  of  a  weak  acidulous  saline  spring;,  in 
the  town  of  Milton,  two  miles  west  from  Sarato- 
ga Spring?,  and  is  faintly  discernable  in  the  wa- 
ter of  one  of  the  wells  at  Ballslon  Spa. 

**The  AciDULors  sALrNE  and  chaltbeatk 
AVATETis  aje  found  in  those  of  Saratoga  Sprnigs 
«n<l  linllston  S|  a.  They  are  situated  along  the 
southern  termination  of  the  secondary  forma- 
tion, and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  transi- 
tion.  There  are  a  great  number  of  these  springs 
fcattered  along  the  dii<tance  of  several  miles,  and 
are  very  probably  the  product  of  the  same  great 
Jahnratory ;  the  properties  of  the  different  arti- 
cles which  they  hold  in  solution  being;  the  same, 
differing  only  as  to  quantity. 

"-  Those  which  have  become  the  most  distin- 
guished at  Saratoga  Springs,  are  the  Congress, 
Columbian,  Hamilton,  Flat  Rock,  High  Rock, 
and  President;  and  those  at  Ballston  Spa  are 
the  Old  Spring,  Washington,  and  Low's.  Of 
these  the  Congress  unquestionably  ranks  first  as 
an  acidulous  saline.  One  gallon,  or  231  cubick 
inches  of  this  water,  contains,  agreeably  to  an 
analysis  which  I  made  several  years  ago,  and 
which  subsequent  experiments  fully  confirm,  676 
grains  of  £olid  substance,  in  a  perfect  state  of 


:-:ikeis>! 


62 


SARATOGA    SPRINGS. 


solution.  Of  this  something  more  than  2-3  it 
muriate  of  soda  or  common  salt — more  than  1-4 
carbonate  of  lime,  and  the  remainder  consists  of 
carbonate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  and 
carbonate  of  iron.  But  what  more  particularly 
distinguishes  and  characterises  the  water  of  this 
spring,  is  the  fact  that  it  contains,  the  moment  it 
is  dipped,  nearly  1-^2  more  than  its  bulk  ot'carbo- 
nick  acid  gas,  a  quantity  hitherto  unprecedented 
in  any  natural  watefs,  except  those  of  this  county. 

"  The  Columbian  is  an  acidulous  Chaly- 
beate ;  it  contains  354  grains  of  solid  contents  to 
the  gallon,  nearly  2-3  of  which  is  muriate  of  so- 
da, about  1-3  carbonate  of  lime,  7  1-2  grains  of 
parbonatc  of  iron,  and  a  small  proportion  of  the 
carbonate  of  soda  and  ma2:ne9ia.  It  contains 
something  more  than  its  bulk  of  carbonick  acid 
gas. 

"  The  Flat  Rock  is  likewise  an  acidulous 
ohalybeate.  It  contains  the  same  quantity  of 
iron  as  the  Columbian,  but  a  less  proportion  of 
the  saline  ingredients,  while  it  contains  rather 
^no.re  of  the  gaseous  property. 

"  The  Hamiltqw,  Higfi  Rock  and  Presi- 
PENT,  Jire  saline,  their  solid  contents  being  com- 
posed of  muriate  of  soda,  in  the  proportion  of 
from  1-2  to  2t3,  and  carbonate  of  lime  in  the 
proportion  of  about  1  -3.  They  likewise  con- 
*  tain  iron,  carbonate  of  soda,  and  magnesia,  in 
considerable  quantities,  and  moro  than  their 
bulk  of  gas. 

*'  At  BAi.LsTOjf-SpA,  the  mineral  waters  all 
belong  to  th^  acidulous  chalybeate  class.  The 
Old  Spuing  contains  253  grains  of  solid  con- 
tents to  a  gallon  ;  something  more  than  1-2  of 
which  is  muriate  of, soda,  a  little  less  than  1-3 


SARATOGA    SPRINGS. 


63 


nd   Presi- 


©arbonate  of  lime  and  the  remainder  is  carbo- 
nate of  magnesia,  soda,  and  7  12  grains  of  iron. 
It  likewise  contains  more  than  its  bulk  of  s^as. 

"  T'he  W  SHiNGToir  contains  235  grains  of 
solid  contenis  to  the  gallon,  moro  than  1  2  of 
which  is  mariate  of  soda,  nearly  1-4  carbonate 
of  lime,  and  the  same  quantity  of  iron  as  the  Old 
Spring,  and  about  1-13  of  magnesia  and  soda. 
There  is  another  well  called  th«  Low  Tube^  close 
to  rbe  Washington,  and  apparently  issuing  from 
the  same  a^ert  jre  in  the  earth,  which  conta  ns 
13  or  14  grains  more  in  its  solid  contents :  this 
excfss  is  in  the  quan  ity  of  the  muriate  of  soda. 
The  waters  of  both  these  fountains  are  super- sa- 
turated with  the  atrial  acid,  ^^ile  the  super-a- 
bundnni  gas  is  constantly  escaping  in  immense 
quantities  ^'' * ' .  },^,>2-l  '"  ■ 

*"  Low  s  SPRING  contains  the  same  articles  as 
the  ibregoing,  T>i.»t  somewhat  bss  in  quantity* 

"  There  are  two  or  three  other  wells  that  be- 
long to  this  class  of  Waters,  about  ten  miles  eas- 
terly from  the  Congress,  in  the  town  of  Sarato- 
ga :  thev  are  ca  led  (he  Quaker  Springs  :  they 
contain  lime,  magnesia  and  iron,  held  in  solution 
by  the  carboniok  acid,  and  a.  large  proportion  of 
common  salt  and  soJa  ;  but  their  mineral  I  im- 
prei^nntion  is  suificient  to  entitle  them  to  much 
attention.'     '     '   '  ^^^    '  >''^^ 

"  Sulphate  of  Lime,  [e^i/psum^']  occurs  in  a 
spring  on  the  f  rm  of  Earl  Stimpson,  Esq.  in  the 
town  of  Galway.  and  the  same  substance  is  found 
in  many  of  the  common  wells  along  the  whole 
extent  of  the  limestone  formation. 

"  The  temperature  of  the  water  in  all  these 
wells  is  about  the  same,  ranging  from  48  to  62 
degrees  on  FarenkeWs  scale  ;  and  they  suffer  no 


r 


If 


P. 


64 


SARATOGA    SPRINGS. 


fiensible  alteration  from  any  variation  in  the  tem- 
perature of  the  atmosphere  ;  n'either  do  the  va- 
riations of  the  seasons  appear  to  have  much  ef- 
fect on  the  quantity  of  water  produced. 

"  The  waters  are  remarkably  limped,  and 
when  first  dipped  sparkle  with  all  the  life  of 
good  champagne.  The  saline  waters  bear  bot- 
tling very  well,  particularly  the  Congress,  im- 
mense quantities  of  which  are  put  up  in  this 
way,  and  transported  to  various  parts  of  the 
world ;  not,  however,  without  a  considerable 
loss  of  its  gaseous  pioperty,  which  renders  its 
taste  much  more  inspid  than  when  drank  at  the 
well.  The  chalybeate  water  is  likewise  put 
up  in  bottles  for  transportation,  but  a  very  tri- 
fling losi  of  its  gas  produces  an  immediate  pre- 
cipitation of  its  iron  ;  and  hence  this  water,  when 
it  has  been  bottled  for  some  time,  frequently  be- 
comes turbid,  and  finally  loses  every  trace  of 
iron  ;  this  substance  fixing  itself  to  the  walls  of 
the  bottle.  '  ; 

**  The  moat  prominent  and  perceptible  effects 
of  these  waters,  when  taken  into  the   stomach, 
are  Cathartick^  Diureticki  and   Tonick.      They 
are  much  used  in  a  great  variety  of  complaints  ;. 
but  the  diseases  in  whiph  they   are  most  effica- 
cious are,  >  .     /  .   ' 
Jaundice  and  billious  alTectJons  generally.     .  « 
Dyspepsia.                         ^       ,,  '* 
Habitual  costiveness.    *                                   ;  > 
Hypochondrical  complaints.      \ 
Depraved  appetite.                   .     '     • 
Calculous  and  nephritic  complaints. 
Phagedenic  or  ill-c»nditioued  ulc^s. 
Cutaneous  eruptions.        .    ^. 
Chrouick  Rheumatism. 


/ 


SARATOGA    SPRINGS, 


65 


„    Some  s{Jfecies  or  stales  of  gout. 

Some  species  of  dropsy. 

Scrofula. 

Parn  lysis. 

Scorbutic  affections  and  old  scorbutic  ulcers. 

Amenorrhea. 

Dysmenorrhea  and  chlorosis. 

"  In  phthisis,  and  indeed  in  all  other  pulmona- 
ry affections  arising  from  primary  diseases  of  the 
lunges,  the  waters  are  manifestly  injurious,  and 
evidei^tly  tend  to  increase  the  violence  of  the 
disease. 

"  Much  interest  has  been  excited  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  source  of  these  singular  waters,  but 
no  reseSi  ^  es  have  as  yet  unfolded  the  mystery. 
The  larr !     p--oportion   of   common  salt  found 
among  \.         constituent  properties  may  be  ac- 
counted for  without  much  difficulty.     All  the 
salt  springs  of  Europe,  as  well  as  those  of  Amer- 
ica, being  found  in  geological  situations,  exactly 
corresponding  to  these  ;*  but  the  production  of 
the  unexampled  quantity  of  carbonick  acid  gas, 
the  medium  through  which  the  other  articles  are 
held  in  solution,  is  yet,  and  probably  will  remain 
a  subject  of  mere  speculation.     The  low  and 

^_ ^ 

"*  That  pure  salt  "v^ater  may  be  obtained  in  the 
vicinity  of  these  fountains,  there  can  be  but  little 
doubi ;  aud  should  the  inducement  appear  of 
sufficient  magnitude  to  warrant  the  undertaking, 
in  all  probability  the  discovery  will  be  made, 
and  the  manufactory  of  common  salt  be  added 
as  a  "new  item  to  the  history  of  our  resources. 
I  am  told  that  the  experiment  may  be  made  to 
ascertain  the  fact,  for  a  sum  less  than  three  thou«» 
sand  dollars.  * 


66 


SARATOGA   SPRINGS* 


regalar  temperature  of  the  water  seems  to  for- 
bid the  idea  that  it  is  the  effect  oi  subterraueaa 
heat,  as  many  hare  supposed,  and  the  total  ab- 
sence of  any  mineral  acid,  excepting  the  muri- 
atic, which  is  combined  with  soda,  does  away 
the  possibility  of  its  being  the  effect  of  any 
combination  of  that  kind.  Its  production  is 
therefore  truly  unaccountable," 

The  boarding  establishments  of  the  first  class 
are  the  Congress  Hall,  and  Union  Hall,  at  the 
south  end  of  the  village,  the  Pavilion  and  Co- 
lumbian Hotel,  at  the  north,  and  the  United 
States  Hotel  in  r  central  situation  between  them. 
Besides  these,  there  are  a  number  of  other  boar- 
ding houses  on  a  less  extensive  scale,  the  most 
noted  of  wh.ch  are  Doctor  Porter's^  about  half 
way  between  the  two  principal  springs — R€ed\ 
a  few  rods  west  of  the  Congress  fountain —  Will" 
lams'  opposite  the  Columbian  Hotel,  and  Palmer's 
and  Doney^s^  in  the  south  part  of  the  village. 

The  Congress  Hall,  kept  by  Mr.  S.  H. 
Drake,  is  situated  within  a  few  rods  of  the  Con- 
gress spring,  to  which  a  handsome  walk,  shaded 
with  trees,  has  been  constructed  by  the  proprie- 
tor, for  the  convenience  of  his  guests.  The 
space  in  front  of  the  building  is  occupied  by  three 
apartments,  each  of  which  is  enclosed  by  a  rail- 
ing, terminatmg  at  the  front  entrances  of  the 
piazza,  and  each  used  as  a  flower  garden.  The 
edifice  is  200  feet  in  length,  2  1-2  stories  high, 
with  two  wings  extending  back  60  feet.  To  the 
north  wing  has  recently  been  added  an  apart- 
ment of  about  40  feet  in  length  for  lodging  rooms. 
The  billiard  rooms  belonging  to  the  establish- 
ment, are  contained  in  a  building  adjoining  the 
north  wingf.    la  front  of  the  Hall  is  a  spaciou« 


%m 


■■!/ 


.iy 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


67 


piazza, 


extending  the  whole  length  of  the  buil- 


i^Dg,  20  feet  in  tvidth^  with  a  canopy  from  the 
roof,  supported  by  17  massy  columns^  each  of 
which  is  gracefully  entwtned  with  woodbine. 
There  is  also  a  back  pia^a,  which  opens  upon  a 
beautiful  garden  annexed  to  the  establishment, 
and  a  small  grove  of  pines,  affording  both  fra- 
grance and  shade  to  their  loitering  guests.  The 
Congress  Hall  can  accommgdate  150  visitants. 

The  United  States  Hotel,  with  its  gardens 
and  out  buildings,  occupies  a  space  in  the  centre 
of  the  village  of  about  three  acr^s.  The  buil- 
ding is  composed  of  brick,  125  feet  l(»ig  and  34 
feet  wide.  It  is  four  stories  high,  and  has  a  wing^ 
extending  west  60  feet,  and  three  stories  hi^h. 
The  billiard  rooms  extend  still  farther  west  from 
the  e«d  of  the  wing.  In  front  is  a  broad  piazza 
extending  the  whole  length  of  the  building.  The 
ground  in  the  rear  and  south  of  the  Hotel,  ifi 
handsomely  laid  out  into  walks,  terminating  on 
the  west  in  a  garden  belonging  to  the  establish- 
ment, and  the  whole  is  tastefully  ornamented  by 
trees  and  shrubbery.  The  front  of  the  eidfice^ 
is  enclosed  by  a  delicate  circular  railing  into 
three  apartments,  each  containing  a  choice  vari- 
ety of  flowers  and  shrubs,  and  shaded  by  a  row 
of  forest  trees  extending  the  whole  length  of  the 
building.  The  Hotel  is  situated  equally  distant 
between  the  two  principal  springs,  and  commands 
a  view  of  the  whole  village,  and  from  its  fourth 
story,  a  distinct  view  is  had  of  the  surrounding 
country  for  a  number  of  miles.  This  establish- 
ment can  accommodate  at  present  150  boarders, 
and  when  the  original  plan  of  the  nroprietors  is 
completed  by  adding  a  cotillion  room  on  the  south, 
it  will  become  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splen- 

6 


## 


68 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS* 


did  edifices  in  the  United  States.  The  Hotel  is 
now  kept  by  Mr.  John  Ford,  one  of  the  proprie- 
tors, under  whose  superintendence,  it  has  ac« 
quired  a  reputation,  which  has  hitherto  and  must 
hereafter  ensure  it  an  ample  share  of  patronage. 

The  Paviliojt  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  part 
of  the  village,  immediately  in  front  of  the  Flat 
Rock  spring.  The  building  is  constructed  of 
wood,  133  feet  in  length,  with  a  wing  extending 
back,  from  the  centre  of  the  main  building,  80 
feet.  It  is  2  1-2  stories  high,  with  the  addition 
of  an  attick  story,  which,  with  the  handsome 
portico  in  front,  sustained  by  delicate  colonades, 
renders  it,  in  beauty  and  proportion,  one  of  the 
finest  models  of  architecture  this  country  can 
produce.  The  large  rooms  of  the  Pavilion  are 
less  spacious  than  those  of  the  United  States 
Hotel  or  Congress  Hall,  but  are  so  constructed 
that  by  means  of  folding  doors  the  whole  of  the 
lower  apartments  may  be  thrown  into  one — an 
advantage  which  gives  much  additional  interest 
to  the  promenade  and  cotillion  parties,  which 
frequently  assemble  on  this  extensive  area.  A 
large  garden  is  connected  with  the  establishment, 
and  also  a  billiard  room.  The  Pavilion  is  cal- 
culated for  the  accommodation  of  110  visitaixts, 
though  it  frequently  contains  a  much  greater 
numberi*''  "-'-         *■■'•^    /'..  i"'^"'    :  ^'k-- '  ■''■■ 

The  Uniont  Hall  is  one  of  the  earliest  and 
most  respectable  establishments  in  the  vicinity, 
and  is  situated  directly  opposite  to  the  Congress 
Hall.  It  has  recently  been  much  improved  in  its 
appearance,  and  enlarged  by  considerable  addi- 
tions  to  the  main  building.  It  now  presents  an  el- 
egant and  extensive  front,  120  feet  in  length,  3  sto- 
ries high,  with  two  wings  extending  west  60  feet 


i-f- 


NGS. 

58.  The  Hotel  is 
e  of  the  propric- 
ence,  it  has  ac- 
litherto  and  must 
re  of  patronage. 
3  a  pleasant  part 
Tont  of  the  Flat 
i  constructed  of 
'  wing  extending 
lain  building,  80 
^ith  the  addition 

the  handsome 
icate  colonades, 
ion,  one  of  the 
lis  country  can 
he  Pavilion  are 
i  United  States 

so  constructed 
e  whole  of  the 
1  into  one — an 
itional  interest 
parties,  which 
asive  area.    A 

establishment, 

*aviliou  is  cal- 

110  visitaiits, 

much  greater 

s  earliest  and 
n  the  vicinity, 
the  Congress 
nproved  in  its 
[Jerable  addi- 
Jresents  an  el- 
I  length,  3  sto- 
:  west  60  feet 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


69 


It  is  ornamented  in  front  by  10  columns  which 
rise  to  nearly  the  height  of  the  building,  and  sup- 
port the  roof  of  a  spacious  piazza.  A  garden  in 
the  rear  of  the  building,  together  with  a  beauti- 
ful fioTver  garden  on  the  north  opening  to  the 
main  street,  are  among  the  varieties  which  con- 
tribute to  the  pleasanUiess  of  the  establishment. 
It  is  now  kept  by  Messrs  W.  &  L,  Putnam,  sons 
of  the  original  proprietor,  and  ranks  in  point  c^ 
elegance  and  respectability  with  the  most  favour- 
ed establishments  in  the  vicinity. 

The  CoLVMBiAJV  Hotel  stands  within  a  few 
rods  of  the  Pavilion.  This  building  has  under- 
gone considerable  repairs  since  it  came  into  the 
hands  of  Mr.  S.  Wheeler,  its  present  occupant. — 
Annexed  to  the  establishment  is  a  handsome  gar- 
den, lying  on  three  sides  of  the  building,  which 
adds  much  to  the  beauty  and  advantage  it  enjoy* 
in  point  of  natural  location  The  well  known 
reputation  of  this  establishment,  as  well  as  its 
pleasant  situation  in  the  vicinitty  of  one  of  the 
principal  fountains,  will  always  ensure  it  a  full  • 
share  of  patronage 

The  prices  of  board  per  week,  9X  the  respec- 
tive houses,  are  as  follows  : 

Congress  Hall,        .      ,       , 
United  States  Hotjsl,      , 
Pavilion,  .        .        ,        . 


Union  Hall, 
Columbian  Hotel, 
Doctor  Porter's, 
Reed's,        .        • 
Do  net's,   '     .     /  • 
Palmer's, 
Williams', 


t     - 


110.000 

10,00 

10,00 

X     8,00 

,       7,00 

.      5,00 

5,00 

.       4,00 

.     4,00 

4,00 


70 


SARATOGA   SPR,W6«. 


If 


book  Store'  ^iSUt'h' •   '  P""*'"?  office  auu 
room,  a  mineraiLv,    ''  "  oonnecfed  a  rcL^" 

With  ,h  Tu  "■«  oootained  in  .if"^    Proprietor. 
«^parat^»'""'"y  ind  bo^'". '^\'«»«  buildin- 

••easonable    L,f      ^^  '""'hioq.     Tu  J,  **'  *■"» 
siderin^thl     .    ^'^  ^earcelyan  J.  •    'f^^'re 

i  J"«  «-iUrrive,  at  «  '"''""'*»»"'>'- 

•V  "'enwg,  .„d  depatts''e"  t^ll^'^'^^ber,  eve! 


JO* 


■f¥'5>¥' 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 


71 


the  remaining  season  of  the  year,  the  mail  arrive? 
and  departs  three  times  a  week.  Strangers  should 
be  apprised  that  a  post  office  is  established  in  the 
town  of  Saratoga,  about  12  miles  distant,  to 
which  letters  intended  for  the  Springs  are  oftea 
missent,  in  conseqnence  of  their  mis-direction. 

At  both  the  villages  of  Ballston  and  Saratoga 
Springs,  there  are  always  sufficient  objects  of  a- 
musement  to  render  the  tran<?ient  residence  of 
their  summer  guests  pleasant  &  agreeable.  Those 
whose  taste  is  not  gratified  at  the  billiard  rooms, 
which  are  annexed  to  most  of  the  boarding  es- 
tablishments, or  card  parties,  can  always  enjoy  a 
pleasing  recreation  at  the  reading  rooms,  or  in  a 
short  excursion  in  the  neighborhood,  where  suf- 
ficient beauty  and  novelty  of  scenery  are  always 
presented  to  render  it  highly  interesting.  The 
amusements  of  the  day  are  usually  crowned  with 
a  ball  or  promenade.  The  respective  apartments 
appropriated  lor  these  occasions,  are  calculated 
to  accommodate  from  150  to  200  guests  ;  but 
they  often  contain  a  much  greater  number. 

The  spacious  areas  of  the  cotillion  rooms  are 
beetw6en  80  and  90  feet  in  length,  and  when  en- 
livened by  the  associated  beauty  and  gaiety  re- 
sorting to  the  springs,  present  a  scene  of  novelty 
and  fascination  seldom  equalled.   ■;  ; .   -     .-r,  • 

About  two  miles  east  from  Sararoga  Springs 
is  a  small  fish  pond,  situated  on  a  farm  of  a  Mr. 
Barhyte.  Thither  parties  often  resort,  as  well 
to  enjoy  the  amusement  of  fishing  as  to  partake 
of  a  repast  on  trout,  which  are  here  caught  in 
great  abundance.  The  proprietor,  however,  re- 
serves to  himself  the  exclusive  privilege  of  ser- 
ving them  up,  and  will  not  suffer  any  of  them 


•  y^-'i  Vr   IJtt  .^jV.O-4  t'l 


^ 


72 


SARATOGA   LAKE. 


to  be  taken  aw^y.  Still  further  east,  abput  iluec 
miles  from  the  Springs,  is  situated   -, 

Saratoga  Lake.  This  lake  is  9  miles  long 
and  3  broad.  A  resort  is  constantly  kept  up  at 
Green's  and  at  Riley's,  on  the  western  margin  of 
tlie  lake,  the  former  about  3  miles,  and  the4atter 
about  6  miles  distant  from  Saratoga  Springs,  and 
the  same  distance  from  Ballston  Spa.  The  visi- 
tants of  both  villages  frequently  resort  thither, 
to  enjoy  the  advantages  of  air  and  prospect  du- 
ring the  months  of  July  and  August.  Sail  boats 
^re  here  fitted  up  for  the  acconfimodation  of  par- 
ties of  pleasure,  and  implements  for  (ishing  are 
,  always  in  readiness  for  those  who  take  pleasure 
in  this  fashionable  diversion.  The  western  shores 
of  this  lake  are  accessible  but  in  a  few  places, 
in  consequence  of  the  adjacent  marshes  which 
within  a  few  years  past  have  been  overflowed 
by  a  rise  of  it?  waters  tq  the  height  of  8  or  10 
feet,  and  which  the  old  settlers  along  its  borders 
attribute,  without  gaining  much  credibility,  to 
some  unaccountable  influence  of  the  total  eclipsei 
in  1806.  Whate>f6r  may  be  the  cause  of  so  gre£<.t 
a  rise  ot  the  lake,  it  can  hardly  be  accounted  for 

-  from  the  pirogressive  improvements  o(  husbandry, 
which  within  that  period  have  been  by  no  lueans 
rapid  or  extensive.  On  the  east  side  of  the  lake 
the  land  is  more  elevated,  and  presents  a  fine 
prospect  of  farms  under  good  improvement,  and 
which  are  said  to  be  the  best  farms  in  this  region. 
Besides  a  variety  of  excellent  fish,  an  abqndance 
of  wild  game  is  caught  in  the  lake  and  marshes 
i^nd  along  its  borders.  This  lake  is  supplied  Avith 

•  water  from  the  Kayaderosseras  creelc,  which, 
taking  its  rise  about  20  miles  in  a  northwest  di- 


.•■.iai\« 


8CHUYLER-VILLE, 


-    73 


it,  abput  tliiee 


rection,  and  receiving  in  its  course  a  number  oC 
tributary  streams,  floMrs  into  the  lake  ojQ  the 
west  side.  Fish  craek  tbrms  its  outlet,  throug^h 
which  the  waters  of  the  lake  are  communicated 
to  the  Hudson  river  about  6  utiles  distant,  in  an 
easterly  direction.  Tiiis  croek  empties  into  the; 
Hudson  river  at  ^ 

ScHiTYLER-viLLE,  a  small  village  situated  in 
the  town  of  Saratoga,  containing  about  40  dwell-, 
injfs,  a  post  olfice,  and  a  variety  of  machinery  and 
mills  erected  on  Fisli  Creek  by  Philip  Schuyler, 
Esq.  This  spot  is  noted  as  the  residence  of  the 
late  General  Schuyler,  but  still  more  as  the  spot 
where  General  Buro^oyne  surrendered  to  the  A- 
merican  army,  in  October  1777.  The  pljice  of 
the  surrender  is  marked  by  the  ruins  of  a  small 
intrenchment  called  Fort  Hardx-  Several 
bones  anJ  the  scull  of  a  person  were  recently- 
dug  up  in  the  vicinity  of  this  fort,  in  making  the 
excavation  for  the  northern  canal.  The  battle 
ground,  on  which  was  decided  the  fate  of  the 
British  army,  lies  about  8  miles  fs^rther  down  thej. 
river,  at  a  place  called  .     r    ' 


Bemus'  Heights.  This  place,  without  much 
in  its  location  and  surrounding  scenery  to  attract 
attention,  will  be  always  interesting  from  its  as-j 
sociation  with  events  which  greatly  conlribu teds 
to  the  establishment  of  American  Independence. 

The  two  actions  which  preceded  the  surreuderr 
of  the  British  army,  were  fought,  the  one  on  tha 
19th  September,  1777,  and  the  other  on  the  7th 
October  following.  The  movements  and  position 
of  the  two  armies  previous  to  the  19lh,  are  thus 
p  escribed  by  General  Wilkinson :— 


74 


DEMUS^    HEIGHTS. 


"  General  Burgoyne  crossed  the  Hudson  r'lvor 
the  13th  and  14lh  of  Soptenjiher,  uud  advanced 
h-  with  great  circumspection  on  the  15th  from  Sara- 

toga to  Davocote,  where  he  halted  to  repair  brid- 
ges in  his  front.  The  16th  was  employed  on  (his 
labour,  and  in  reconuoitering  ;  on  the  17th  he 
advanced  a  mile  or  two,  resumed  his  march  on 
the  18th,  and  General  Arnold  was  detached  by 
General  Gates,  with  1500  men,  to  harrass  him  ; 
but  after  a  light  skirmish,  he  returned  without 
Ipss  or  effecting  any  thing  more,  than  picking  up 
a  few  stragglers  :  and  the  enemy  moved  Ibrward 
and  encamped  in  two  lines,  about  two  miles  from 
General  Gates ;  his  left  on  the  river,  and  his 
right  extending  at  right  uncles  to  it,  across  the 
\  low  grounds  about  six  hundred  yards,  to  a  range 
of  steep  and  lofty  heights  occupied  by  his  elite, 
having  a  creek  or  gulley  in  his  front,  made  by  a 
rivulet  which  issued  from  a  great  ravine,  formed 
by  the  hills  which  ran  in  a  direction  nearly  pa- 
rallel to  the  river,  until  within  half  a  mile  of  the 
American  camp.  •      ;> 

"  General  Gates'  right  occupied  the  brow  of 
the  hill  near  the  river,  with  which  it  was  con- 
nected by  a  deep  intrenchment ;  his  camp  in  the 
form  of  a  segment  of  a  great  circle,  the  convex 
towards  the  enemy,  extended  rather  obliquely  to 
his  rear,  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  to  a  knoll 
occupied  by  his  left ;  his  front  was  covered  from 
the  right  to  the  left  of  the  centre,  by  a  sharp 
ravine  running  parallel  with  his  line  and  closely 
wooded  :  from  thence  to  the  knoll  at  his  extreme 
left,  the  ground  was  level  and  had  been  partially 
cleared,  some  of  the  trees  being  felled  and  other* 
girdled,  beyond  which,  in  front  of  hi»  left  flank, 
and  extending  to  the  enemy's  right,  there  were 


i)£UUS'    UEIOHTii* 


75 


several  small  fields  in  a  very  imperie?t  cultivation 
the  lurface  broken  and  obstructed  with  stumps 
and  fallen  timber,  and  the  whole  bounded  on  the 
we&t  by  a  steep  eminence.  The  extremities  of 
this  camp  were  defended  by  strong  batteries,  and 
the  interval  was  strengthened  by  a  breast  work 
without  intreuchmentS)  constructed  of  the  bodies 
of  felled  trees,  logs  t^nd  rails,  with  an  additional 
battery  at  an  opening  left  of  the  centre.  T\  9 
right  was  almost  impracticable  ;  the  leA  difficult 
of  approach.  I  describe  the  defences  of  this  po» 
sition  as  they  appeared  about  the  4th  of  October* 

"•  The  intermediate  space  betweep  the  adverse 
armies,  on  the  low  grounds  of  the  river,  was  open 
and  in  cultivation  ;  the  high  land  was  clothed  in 
its  native  woods,  with  the  exception  o^f  three  or 
four  small,  newly  opened  and  deserte^  farms,. 
se(>arated  by  intervals  of  wood  land,  and  border- 
ing on  the  flanks  of  the  two  armies,  most  remote 
from  the  river  ;  tixe  principal  of  thes^  was  an 
oblong  (ieldt  belonging  to  t^  person  0|f  the  name 
of  Freeman  ;  there  was  also  exclusive  of  the  ra- 
vines fronting  the  respective  camps,  a  tl^ird 
ravine  about  mid-way  between  them,  running  at 
fight  a^xgles  to  the  rivef.  The  intervening  forest 
FttKlei'ed  it  utterly  impraetible  to  obtc^in  a  f'-ont 
view  of  the  .^merican  position,  or  any  pan  ovv 
the  British  except  its  left,  nea,r  the  river." 

On  then^orning  of  the  J  9th,  Cplo;nel  Colbum, 
who  ha«I  been  detached  the  day  prev  .^us  to 
observe  the  movements  of  the  enemv.  reported 
tkat  the  British  army  was  In  motion  and  ascen> 
<ilingp  the  heights  ill  a  (^irection  towards  the  A- 
merican  left.  On  receiving  this  intelligence^ 
Col.  Morgan,  with  his  rifle  corps,  was  detached 
hj  Gen.  Gates,  with  orders  to  retard  the  marcl^ 


76 


BEMUS'    HEia»TS4 


of  the  enemy,  and  to  cripple  them  as  much  as 
possible.  The  engagement  of  Morgan's  corps 
"Was  announced  by  the  report  of  small  arms  about 
12  o'clock.  At  about  3  in  the  afternoon  the  action 
became  general,  and  continued  to  rage  till  night 
closed  upon  the  scene  of  combat  The  number 
of  troops  engaged  on  the  part  of  the  Amei  icans 
■was  3000.  That  of  the  British  amounted  to 
3500.     General  Wilkinson  reiDarks  that 

"This  battle  was  perfectly  wccidental;  neither 
of  the  generals  meditated  an   attack  at  the  time, 
and  but  for  Lieutenant  Colonel  Colburn's  report, 
it  would  not   have  taken     plate  ;    Burgoyne's 
movement  being  merely  to  take  ground  on  the 
heights  in  front  of  the  great  ravine,  to  give  his 
several  corps  their  proper  places  in  line,  to  em- 
brace our  front  and  cover  his  transport,  stores, 
provisions  and  baggage,  m  the  rear  of  his  left ; 
and  on  our  side  the  defences  of  our  camp  being 
not  half   completed,  and   reinforcements  daily 
arriving,  it  was  not  General  Gates'  policy  to 
court  an  action.     The  misconception  of  the  ad- 
verse chiefs  put  them  on    the    defensive,   and 
confined  them  to  the  ground  they  casually  occu- 
pied at  the  beginning  of  the  action  and  prevented 
a  single  manceuvre,  during  one  of  the   longest, 
warmest,  and  most  obstinate  battles  fought    in 
America.       General    Gates   believed   that   his 
antagonist  intended  tc  attack  him,  and  circum- 
stances appeared  to  justify  the  like  conclusion  on 
the  part  of  Burgoyne ;  and  as  the  thicknes;^  and 
depth  of   the  intervening  wood  concealed   the 
position  and  movements  of  either  army  from  its 
adversary,  sound  caution  obliged  the  respective 
commanders  to   guard  every  assailable   point ; 
thus  the  flower  of  the  British  army,  the  fifrena* 


BEHDS'    HEIGHTS. 


»7 


diers  and  light  infantry,  one  thousand  five  hun- 
dred strong,  were  posted  on  an  eminence  to  cover 
its  right,  and  stood  by  their  arms,  inactive  spec- 
tators of  the  conflict,  until  near  sunset ;  while 
Gen.  Gites  was  obliged  to  keep  his  right  wing 
on  post,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  forcing  that 
tlank,  by  the  plain  bordering  on  the  river.  Had 
either  of  the  generals  been  properly  apprised  of 
the  dispositions  of  his  antagonist,  a  serious  blow 
misrht  have  been  struck  on  our  left  or  the  ene- 


my's right  \  but  although  nothing  is  more  com- 
mon, it  is  as  illiberal  as  it  is  unjust,  to  determine 
the  merits  of  military  operations  by  events  exclu- 
sively. It  was  not  without  experience  that  the 
Romans  erected  temples  to  Fortune.  Later  times 
might  afford  motives  for  edifices,  in  which  genius 
or  wisdom  would  have  no  votaries. 

"  The  theatre  of  motion  was  such,  that  al- 
though •  the  cohibatants  changed  ground  a  dozen 
times  in  the  course  of  the  day,  the  contest  termin- 
ated on  the  spot  where  it  began.  This  may  be 
explained  in  a  few  words.  The  British  line  was 
formed  on  an  eminence  in  a  thm  pine  wood, 
having  before  it  Freeman's  farm,  an  oblong  field 
stretching  from  the  centre  towards  its  right,  the 
ground  in  front  sloping  gently  down  to  the  verge 
of  this  field,  which  was  bordering  on  the  opposite 
side  by  a  close  wood  ;  the  sanguinary  scene  lay 
in  the  cleared  ground,  between  the  eminence 
occupied  by  *he  enemy  and  the  wood  just  des- 
cribed ;  the  fire  of  our  marksmen  from  this 
wood  was  too  deadly  to  be  withstood  by  the 
enemy  in  line,  and  when  they  gave  way  and 
broke,  our  men  rushmg  from  their  covert,  pur- 
sued them  to  the  eminence,  where,  having  their 
flanks    protected,  they  rallied,  and  charging  in 


78 


BEMUS^   HEIGHTS* 


turn,  drove  us  back  into  the  wood,  from  whence  a 
dreadful  fire  would  again  force  them  to  fall  back ; 
and  in. this  manner  did  the  battle  fluctuate,  like 
waves  of  a  stormy  sea,  with  alternate  advantage, 
for  four  hours,  without  one  moment's  intermias* 
ion.  The  British  artillery  fell  into  our  possession 
at  every  charge,  but  we  could  neither  turn  the 
pieces  upon  the  enemy,  nor  bring  them  off;  thd 
wood  prevented  the  la«t,  and  the  want  pf  a 
piatch  the  first,  as  the  linl  hock  was  invariably^ 
carried  off,  and  the  rapidity  of  the  transitions  did 
not  allow  us  time  to  provide  one.  The  slaughter 
of  this  brigade  of  artillerists  was  remarkable,  the 
captain  and  36  men  being  killed  or  wounded,  out 
of  48.  It  was  truly  a  gallant  conflict,  in  which 
death  by  familiarity  lost  his  terrors,  and  certainly 
a  drawn  battle,  as  night  alone  terminated  it ;  tha 
'British  army  keeping  its  ground  in  rear  of  the 
field  of  action,  and  our  corps,  when  they  could 
no  longer  distinguish  objects,  retiring  to  their 
own  camp."  * 

The  interval  between  the  19th  of  September 
and  the  7th  of  October  was  employed  by  both 
armies  in  fortifying  their  respective  camps.  Gen, 
Burgoyne  had  contemplated  an  attack  tan  the 
20th  and  21st  September,  which,  had  it  been 
made,  would  probably  have  resulted  much  to  hi? 
advantage,  as  the  American  camp  was  then  in  an 
unfortified  state,  and  the  troops  wholly  unpre- 
pared fof  a  rigorous  resistance.  For  some  cause, 
however,  the  attack  was  delayed.  This  gave 
time  to  Gen.  Gates  to  complete  the  unfinished 
works  and  to  strengthen  his  army  by  reinforce- 
ments of  militiamen,  who  were  daily  flocking  to 
his  camp.  Satisfied  that  a  delay  would  operate 
to  the  advantage  of  the  American  army,  by  in- 


hEMUS^   HEIGHTS.        ter        t9 


creasing^  their  strength  and  numbers,  w^^^Ut  at  the 
same  time  it  must  prove  disadvantageous  to  the 
enemy,  General  Gates,  it  seems,  detet  mined  to 
wait  their  movements  within  hie  own  entrench- 
ments. Here  he  remained  until  the  7th  October, 
when  the  last  decisive  action  was  fought,  which 
decided  the  fate  of  the  army  Under  Gen.  Bur- 
goyne  and  ultimately  resulted  in  the  triumph  of 
American  Liberty.  The  commencement,  pro* 
gress  and  termination  of  this  brilliant  engage* 
ment  is  thus  described  by  Gen  Wilkinson  : 

*'  On  the  afternoon  of  October  ^th,  the  advan- 
ced guard  of  the  centre  beat  to  arms  ;  the  alarm 
was  repeated  throughout  the  line,  and  the  troops 
repaired  to  their  alarm  posts.  I  was  at  head 
quartefs  when  this  happened,  and  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  General,  mounted  my  horse  to 
inquire  the  cause  ;  but  on  reaching  the  guard 
where  the  beat  commenced,  I  could  obtain  no 
other  satisfaction,  but  that  some  person  had  re- 
ported the  enemy  to  be  advancing  against  our 
left.  I  proceeded  oVer  open  ground,  and  ascend- 
ing a  gentle  acclivity  in  front  of  the  guard,  I  per- 
ceived about  half  a  mile  from  the  line  of  our 
encampment,  several  columns  of  the  enemy,  60 
or  70  rods  from  me,  entering  a  wheat  field  which 
had  nut  been  cut,  and  was  separated  from  me  by 
a  small  rivulet ;  and  without  my  glass  I  could 
distinctly  mark  their  every  movement  After 
entering  the  field  they  displayed,  formed  the  line, 
and  set  down  in  double  ranks  with  their  arm» 
between  their  legs.  Foragers  then  proceeded  to 
cut  the  wheat  or  standing  straw,  and  I  soon  after 
observed  several  officers,  mounted  on  the  top  of 
a  cabin,  from  whence  with  their  glasses  they 
were  endeavouring  to  reconnoitre  our  left,  whicb 


■''■•^■'- 


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80 


BEMUS^   HEIGHTS. 


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was  concealed  from  their  view  by  intervening 
woods. 

*^  Having  satisfied  myself,  after  fifteen  minutes 
attentive  observation,  that  no  attack  was  medi- 
tated, I  returned  and  reported  to  the  General, 
who  asked  me  what  appeared  to  be  the  intentions 
of  the  enemy.  *^  They  are  foraging^,  and  endeav- 
ouring to  reconnoitre  your  left  ;  and  I  think,  sir, 
they  oflfer  yoa  battle."  "  What  is  the  nature  of 
the  groundf,  and  what  your  opinion  ?"  "  Their 
front  is  open,  and  their  flanks  rest  on  the  woods, 
under  cover  of  which  they  may  be  attacked  ; 
their  right  is  skirted  by  a  lofty  height.  I  would 
indulge  them.'*'  "  Well,  then,  order  on  Morgan 
to  begin  the  game."  I  waited  on  the  Colonel, 
whose  corps  was  formed  in  front  of  our 
centre,  and  delivered  the  order  ;  he  knew  the 
ground  and  inquired  the  position  of  the  enemy  ; 
tl»ey  were  formed  across  a  newly  cultivated 
field,  their  grenadiers  with  several  field  pieces  on 
the  left,  bordering  on  a  wood  and  a  small  ravine 
formed  by  the  rivulet  before  alluded  to  ;  their 
light  infantry  on  the  right,  covered  by  a  worm 
fence  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  before  mentioned, 
thickly  covered  with  wood  ;  their  centre  com- 
posed of  British  and  German  battalions  Col. 
Morgan,  with  his  usual  sagacity,  proposed  to 
make  a  circuit  with  his  corps  by  our  left,  and 
under  cover  of  the  wood  to  gain  the  height  on 
the  right  of  the  enemy,  and  from  thence  com- 
mence his  attack,  so  soon  as  our  fire  should  be 
opened  against  their  left ;  the  plan  was  the  best 
which  could  be  devised,  and  no  doubt  contribu- 
ted essentially  to  tlie  prompt  and  decisive  victory 
we  *ained. 

"This  proposition  was  approved  by   the  Gen- 
eral; and  it  was  concerted  that  time  should   be 

'  '•-  ,  *         ■ 


.>J-.-:>(Cat. 


BEMUS'    HEIGHTS. 


81 


allowed  the  Colonel  to  make  the  proposed  circuit, 
and  gain  his  station  on  the  enemy's  right  before 
the  attack  should  be  made  on  their  left ;  Poor's 
brigade    was  ordered   for  this  service,  and  the 
attack  was  commenced  in    due  season  on  the 
flank  and  front  of  the  British  grenadiers,  by  the 
New  Hampshire  and  New  York  troops*    True  to 
his   purpose,   Morgan  at  this   critical  moment 
poured  down  like  a  torent  from    the  hill,  and 
attacked  the  right  of  the  enemy  in  front  and 
flank.    Dearborn,  at  the  moment  when  the  ene- 
my's light  infantry  were  attempting  to  change 
front,  pressed  forward  with  ardor,  and  delivered 
a  close  fire;     then  leaped  the  fence,  shouted, 
charged,  and  gallantly  forced  them  to  retire  in 
disorder ;  yet,  headed  by  that  intrepid  soldier 
the  Earl  of  Balcarras,  they  were  immediately 
rallied,  and  re-formed  behind  a  fence  in  rear  of 
their  first  position ;  but  being  now  attacked  with 
great  audacity,  in  front  and  flanks,  by  superior 
numbers,  resistance  became  vain,  and  the  whole 
line,  commanded  by  Burgoyne  in  person,  gave 
way,  and  made  a  precipitate  and  disorderly  re* 
treat  to  his  camp,  leaving  two  twelve   and  six 
six  pounders  on  the  field,  with  the  loss  of  more 
than  400  officers  and  men,  killed,  wounded  and 
captured,  and  among  them  the  flower  of  his  of- 
ficers, viz.  Brigadier-General  Frazer,  Major  Ack- 
land,  commanding  the  grenadiers  ;   Sir  Francis 
Clark,  his  first  aid-de-camp  ;  Major  Williams, 
commanding  officer  of  the  artillery  ;    Captain 
Mooney,  deputy  quarter-master-general ;    and 
many  others.   After  delivering  the  order  to  Gen- 
eral Poor,  and  directing  him  to  the  point  of  at- 
tack, I  was  peremptorily  commanded  to  repair  to 
the  rear,  and  order  up  Ten  Broeck's  regiment  of 


■k 


82 


BCSfUS^    HEIGHTS, 


* 


;>■ 


New- York  militia,  3000  strong.  I  performecl 
this  service  and  regained  the  field  of  battle  at 
the  moment  the  enemy  had  turned  their  backs— 
5^  ininutes  after  the  first  shot  was  fired.  The 
ground  which  had  been  occupied  by  the  British 
grenadiers,  presented  a  scene  oi'  comphcated  hor- 
ror and  exultation.  In  the  square  space  of  twelve 
or  fit  teen  yards  lay  eighteen  grenadiers  in  the  ag- 
onies of  death,  and  three  officers  propped  up 
against  stumps  o  trees,  two  of  them  mortally 
wounded,  bleeding,  and  almost  speechless.  V\  hat 
a  {!p6ctaele  for  one  whose  bosom  glowed  with 
philanthrqpy, ;  i^nd  how  vehement  the  impulse 
which  excites  men  of  sensibility  to  seek  such 
scenes  pf  barbarism  !  I  found  the  courageous 
Col  Cilley  a-st raddle  on  a  brs^ss  twelve  ppunder, 
and  exulting  in  the  capture  ;  whilst  ft  surgeon, 
^  man  of  great  worth,  who  was  dressing  one  of 
the  officer«,  raising  his  blood -besmeared  hand? 
in  the  phrensy  of  patriotism,  exclaimed,  **  Wil-? 
kinaon,  I  have  dipped  my  hands  in  British 
]3lpod."  He  received  a  sharp  rebuke  for  hi?  bru*- 
tality  ;  and  with  the  troops  I  pursued  the  hi^r(| 
pressed  Qying  enemy,  passing  over  killed  and 
wounded,  until  I  heard  one  ercl5!!ii,  "Protect 
|p.e,  sir,  against  this  boy."  Turning  jtny  eyes,  it 
was  my  fortune  to  arrest  the  purpose  of  a  lad 
thirteen  or  fourteen  yeairs  old,  in  the  act  of  ta- 
king aim  at  a  wounded  officer,  who  lay  in  the  an- 
gle pf  a  worm  fence.  Inquiring  Ijji^rank,  he  an- 
swered, *•  I  had  the  honor  to  comuiand  the  gren- 
adiers." Of  course,  I  knew  him  to  be  Major 
Ackland,  who  had  been  brought  from  the  field 
to  this  place,  pn  the  back  of  Captain  Shrimpton, 
of  his  own  corps,  under  a  heavy  fire,  and  wasj 
]|^e  deppsit^d,  to  save  the  lives  pf  both.    I  dig- 


BEMUS^    HEIGHTS. 


83 


mounted,  took  him  by  the  hand,  and  expressed 
my  hopes  that  he  was  not  badly  wounded.  "  Not 
badly,"  replied  this  gallant  officer  and  accom- 
plished gentleman,  **  but  very  inconveniently.  I 
am  shot  through  both  legs.  Will  you,  sir,  have 
the  j^oodness  to  have  me  conveyed  to  your 
camp  ?"  I  directed  my  servant  to  alight,  and  we 
lifted  Ackland  into  his  seat,  and  ordered  him  to 
be  conducted  to  head  quarters.  I  then  proceed* 
ed  to  the  scene  of  renewed  action,  which  embra- 
ced Burgoyne's  right  flank  defence,  and  extending 
to  his  left,  crossed  a  hollow  covered  with  wood, 
About  40  rods,  to  the  entrenchment  of  the  light  in- 
fantry. The  roar  of  the  cannon  and  small  arms, 
at  this  juncture,  was  sublime,  between  the  ene- 
my, behind  their  works,  and  <>ur  troops  entirely 
exposed,  or  partially  sheltered  by  trees,  stumps, 
or  hollows,  at  various  distances,  not  exceeding 
120  yards.  This  right  flank  defence  of  the  ene- 
my, occupied  by  the  Germqn  corps  of  Breyman, 
consisted  of  a  breast  work  of  rails  piled  horizon- 
tally between  perpendicular  pickets,  driven  into 
the  earth,  enpotence  to  the  rest  of  his  line,  and 
extended  abeut  250  yards  across  an  open  field, 
and  was  covered  on  the  right  by  a  battery  of  two 
guns.  The  interval  from  the  left  to  the  British 
light  infantry,  was  committed  to  the  defence  of 
the  provincialists,  who  occupied  a  couple  of  log 
cabinf .  The  Germans  were  encamped  immedi- 
ately behind  the  rail  breast  work,  and  the  ground 
in  front  of  it  declined,  in  a  very  gentle  slope,  for 
p.bout  120  yards,  when  it  sunk  abruptly.  Our 
troops  had  formed  a  line  under  this  declivity, 
and  covered  breast  high,  were  warmly  engaged 
with  the  Germans.  From  this  position,  about 
sunset,  I  perceived  Brigadier  General  Learned 
advancing  towards  the  enemy  with  his  brigade, 

7* 


i\ 


u 


IBEMUS'    HEIGHTS* 


A*^ 


in  open  column,  I  think  with  Col.  M.  Jackson^i 
reg^iment  in  frontf  as  I  saw  Lieut.  Colonel  Brooks, 
13^0  commanded  it,  near  the  General  when  I 
rode  up  to  him.     On  saluting;  this  brave  old  soU 
dier,  he  inquired,  "  Where  can  I  put  in  with  most 
advantage?"    I  had  particularly  examined  the 
gfrqund  between  the  left  of  the  Germans  and  the 
Ijght  infftntry,  occupied  by   the  provincialists, 
from  whence  I  had  observed  a  slack  fire.  I  theret 
fore  recommended  to  General  Learned  to  incline 
to  his  right,  and  attack  at  that  point.     He  did  so, 
with  great  gallantry  ;  the  provincialists  aban- 
doned their  position   and  fled.     The   German 
flank  was,  by  this  n^eans,  left  uncovered.  They 
were  assaulted  vigorously,  overturned  in    five 
ijiinutes,  and  retreated  in  disorder,  leaving  their 
gallant  ^ommauder,  Lieut.   Colonel    Breyman, 
dead  oi)  the  field.     By  dislodging  this  corps,  the 
whole  British  eqcampment  was  laid  open  to  us  ; 
but  t^e  extreme   darkness  of  the  night,  the  fa- 
tigue of  the  men,  and  the  disorder  incident  toun- 
dipplined  troops,  after  so  desultory  an  action,  put 
it  out  of  our  power  to  improve  the  advantage  ; 
and,  in  the  course  of  the  night,  General  Burgoyne 
broke  up  his  camp,  and  retired  to  his  original 
position,  which  he  had  fortified,  behind  the  great 
ravine."  ? 

On  the  morning  of  the  8th,  the  American  ar- 
my marched  into  the  British  camp,  which  had 
been  deserted  the  evening  previous.  The  ene- 
my continued  to  retreat  till  they  had  reached  the, 
height  beyond  the  Fish  Creek,  where  they  en- 
camped on  the  10th.  Finding  his  retreat  cut  ofi* 
by  a  party  of  troops,  who  had  taken  a  position 
in  his  rear,  and  his  advance  impeded  by  superior 
numbers,  General  Burgoyne  accepted  the  terms 
of  capitulation,  proposed  by  General  Gates,  and 


VI 


BEUUS^  HEIGHTS* 


85 


surrendered  his  whole  army  to  the  American  for- 
ces, on  the  17th  October,  1777.  The  surrender 
took  place,  as  has  been  already  remarked,  at  Fort 
Hardy,  where  the  British  stacked  their  arms,  and 
were  permitted  to  march  out  with  the  honours  of 
war.  This  fortunate  event  was  followed  by  a 
succession  of  brilliant  achievements,  and  finally 
led  to  the  surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis,  which 
terminated  the  struggle  of  the  revolution,  after  a 
period  of  nearly  8  years  from  its  commencement. 

The  spot  on  which  the  surrender  took  place, 
was  iq  a  vale,  nearly  east,  and  in  plain  view  of 
Cleaveland^s  sjiage  house  on  the  turnpike  in 
Schuyler's  ville,  and  still  exhibits  the  remains  of 
an  entrenchment  called  Fort  Hardy.  About  40 
rods  in  a  sputh  east  direction,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Fish  Creek,  is  the  scite  of  Fort  Schuyler.  The 
arms  of  the  British  were  stacked  in  the  vaie  in 
front  of  Fort  Hardy,  and  from  thence  they  were 
marched  to  the  high  ground^*  a  little  west  of  the 
village,  f^nd  admitted  to  parole  as  prisoners  of 
war. 

At  the  southern  extremity  of  the  vale  is  a  ba- 
sin for  the  northern  caual^  which  passes  through 
this  place. 

About  half  p.  mile  south  of  the  basin  stands 
the'house  of  Philip  Schuyler,  fcsq.  located  on  the 
spot  lyhere  once  stood  the  mansion  of  his  grand- 
father, tlie  intrepid  General  Schuyler,  which, 
with  other  buildings,  was  burnt  by  the  British 
army,  on  their  retreat  from  the  battle  of  the  7th. 

In  passing  down  the  turnpike,  the  different  po- 
sitions of  the  once  contending  armies  are  pointed 
out  tq  the  traveller,  and  many  remains  of  forts 
and  intrenchments  are  still  visible.  About  six 
miles  belpw  Schuylerville,  near  the  celebra- 
ted Freeman's  farm,  is  a  small  bouse,  formerly 


86 


BEMUS'    HEIGHTS. 


called,  "Sword'a  house,*"  now  occupied  as  a  tav- 
era  by  one  Smith.  This  house,  at  the  time  of 
the  battle,  stood  about  100  rods  from  the  river, 
at  the  foot  of  the  hill.  It  was  afterwards 
removed  to  the  road  side,  near  the  river,  where 
it  now  stands,  and  was  at  that  time  the  British 
head  quarters  and  hospital.  General  Frazer,  af- 
ter being  wounded  in  the  battle  of  the  7th,  was 
brought  to  this  house,  and  l^^re  expired  on  the 
8th  October,  1777.  The  room  in  which  he  lay 
is  now  converted  into  a  bar-room,  and  though 
fifty  years  have  elapsed,  the  floopjjon  which  he 
res.te«l  is  still  exiftnt.  His  rerfiiVius  were  depcgpi- 
Ifid,  at  his  own  request,  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  a- 
bout  HO  rods  south  west  of  this  house.  The  Bri- 
tish government,  a  few  years  since,  employed  an 
agenr  to  ascertain  the  spot  of  his  interment,  and 
authorized  him  to  cause  a  monument  to  be  erected 
to  his  memory  ;  but  provinj;  friithless,  he  appro- 
priated tl»c  money  vviih  which  he  was  entrusted 
to  his  own  use,  and  returned  without  eftccting  the 
object  of  his  mission,  pretending  his  inability  to 
discover  the  spot  in  question.  It  therefore  contin- 
ues undistinguished  hy  a  monument,  or  even  a 
stone,  to  fiiark  the  place,  where  repese  the 
remains  of  this  gallant  warrior. 

A  narative  respecting  General  Frazer's  death 
is  given  by  the  Baroness  KeKJsell,  who,  with  her 
two  children,  occupied  the  house  in  which  the 
General    expired.     The  following  is  an  extract  : 

**  But  severe  trials  awaited  us,  and  on  the 
7th  October  our  misfortunes  began  ;  I  was  at 
breakfast  with  my  husband,  and  heard  that 
something  was  intended.  On  the  same  day  I 
expected  Generals  Burgoyne,  Philips,  and  Frazer 
to  dine  with  us.  I  saw  a  great  movement  among 
the  troops  ;  my  husband  told  me,  it  was  merely 


# 


BEtfUS'    HEI0H£8« 


87 


a  rflconnoissance,  which  gave  me  no  concern,  at 
it  often   happened.     I  walked   out  of  the  house 
and    met   sevecat    indianf  in  their  war  dresses, 
with  guns  in  their  hands.     When  I  aslced  them 
where  they    were    going,    they   cried  out,  War  1 
War  !  (meaning  that  they  were  going  to  battle.) 
This   filled  me    with    apprehension,    and  I  had 
scarcely  got  home,  before  I  heard  reports  of  can- 
non and  musketry,  which  grew  louder  by  degrees* 
till  at  last  the  noise  became  excessive.     About  4 
o*clock  in  the  afternoon  instead  of  the  guests  whom 
I  expected,  Gsn^  Frazer  was  brought  in  on  a  litter* 
mortally  wounded.  The  table  which  was  already 
set,  was  instaiitly  ren<oved,  and  a  bed  placed  \ti 
its  stead  for  the  wounded  Xi^eneral.     I  sat  trem- 
bling in  the  coi^ner;  the  noise  grew  louder  and 
the  alarm  increas|Bd  ;  the  thought  that    my   hus- 
band might   perhaps  l)e  brought  in,  wounded  in 
the  same  way,    was    tEerrible    to   roe,  and  dis- 
tressed  me   exceedingly.      General  Frazer  said 
to  the  surfTfion,"  (ell  me  if  my  v)oy^4   **    ^or- 
la/,  do  not  flatter  twe."     The   ball  had  passed 
through  his«body,  and  unhappily  for  the  peneral, 
be  had  eaten  a  very  hearty  breakfast,  by  which 
the  stomach  was  distended,  and  the  ba)l,  as  the 
surgeon  said,  had  passed  through  it.  I  heard  him 
often   cjcclaim  with  a  sigh,  *»Oi|  f^AfAl^  ambi- 
tion !  i?ooR    General   Burgoywe  !  Oh  my 
rooR  WIFE  !*'     He    was  asked    if  he   had  any 
request  to  m-nke,  to  which  he  replied,  that  **  if 
General  Bvrgotne  \«ovld  permit  it,  his 

SHOULD   like    to  be   BURIED     AT    6    O^CLOCK 
N   THE   EVENING     ON   THE   TOP  OF  A    MOUN- 
TAIN, IN  A  REDOUBT  WHICH  HAD  BEEN  BUILT 

'fHERE.^^  I  did  not  know  which  way  to  turn, 
all  the  other  rooms  were  full  of  sick.  Towards 
evening  1  saw  my  husband  eoniing,  when  I  forgot 
my  sorrows  ^nd  ^han^ed   God  that  he  was 


ivCii^ 


m 


83 


BEMUS^    HEIGHTS. 


^- 


spiired  to  me.  He  ate  in  great  haste  with  me 
and  his  aid-de-camp,  behind  the  home.  We  had 
been  told  thnt  we  had  the  advantage  of  the 
enemy,  but  the  sorrowful  iaeei  1  beheld  told  a 
different  tale,  and  before  my  husband  went  away 
he  took  me  ohe  side,  and  said  every  thing  was 
goine  very  bad,  that  I  must  keep  mysalf  in 
readiness  to  leave  the  place,  but  not  to  mention 
it  to  any  one.  I  made  the  pretence  that  I  would 
move  the  next  morning  into  my  new  house,  and 
had  every  thing  packed  up  ready. 

"  Lady  H.  Ackland  had  a  tent  not  far  from  our 
house.    In  this  she  slept,  and  the  rest  of  the  day 
she  was  in  the  camp.     All  of  a  sudden,  a  man 
came  to  tell  her  that  her  husband  was  mortally 
wounded,  and  taken  prisoner.     On  hearing  this, 
she  became  very  miserable.    We    comforted  her 
by  telling  her  that  the   wound  was  only  slight, 
and  at  the  same  time  advised  her  to  go   over  to 
her  husband,  to  do  which  she  would  certainly  ob- 
tain permission,  and  then  she  could  attend  him 
herself.     She  was  a  charming  woman,  and  very 
fond  of  him.     1   spent  much  of  the  night  in  com- 
forting her,  and  then  went  again  to  my  children, 
whom  f  had  put  to  bed.     I  could  not  go  to  sleep, 
as  I  had  General  F'razer  and  all  the  other  woun- 
ded gentlemen,  in  my  room,  and  I  was  sadly  a- 
fraid  my  children  would  awake,  and  by  their  cry- 
ing dJEtiirb  the    dying  man  in  his  last  moments, 
who  often  addressed  me,  and  apologized  ^^  for  the 
trouble  he.  gave  meV     About  3   o'clock    in   the  . 
morning  1   was   told   he  could  not  hold  out  much 
longer.     I  had  desired  to  be  informed  of  the  hear 
ap^Moach  of  this  s;»d  crisis  ;  and  I  then  wrapped 
«p  my  children  in  their  clothes,    and   went  with  ' 
them  Mito  the    room  below.     About  8  o'clock  in 
the  morning  he  died.     After  he  was  laid  out,  and 
his  corse  wrapped  in  a  sheet,  we  came  again  in-  ' 


BEMUS^    HEIGHTS. 


89 


to  the  room,  and  had  this  sorrowful  sight  before 
us  the  whole  day  ;  and  to  add  to  the  melancholy 
scene,  almost  every  moment  some  officer  of  mj 
acquaintance  was  brought  in  wounded.  The 
cannonade  commenced  again ;  a  retreat  was 
spoken  of,  but  not  the  smullest  motion  made  to- 
wards it.  About  4  o^clock  in  the  afternoon,  I 
saw  the  house  which  had  just  been  built  for  me 
in  flames,  and  the  enemy  was  not  far  off.  We 
knew  that  General  Burgoyne  would  not  refuse 
the  last  request  of  General  Frazer,  though  by 
his  acceding  to  it  an  unnecessary  delay  was  occa- 
sioned, by  which  the  inconvenience  of  the  army 
was  n\ut\\  increased.  At  6  o^clock  the  corse  was 
brought  out,  and  we  saw  all  the  Generals  attend 
it  to  the  mountain.  The  chaplain,  Mr.  Brude- 
neli,  performed  the  funeral  service,  rendered  un- 
usually solemn  and  awful  from  its  being  accom- 
panied by  constant  peals  from  the  enemy^s 
artillery.  Many  cannon  balls  flew  close  by  me, 
but  I  had  my  eyes  directed  towards  the  moun- 
tain, where  my  husband  was  standing,  amidst  the 
fii-e  of  the  enemy,  and  of  course  I  could  not  think 
of  my  own  danger. 

<*  General  Gates  afterwards  said,  that  If  he 
had  known  it  had  been  a  funeral,  he  would  not 
have  permitted  it  to  be  fired  on.^' 

About  half  a  mile  south  of  Smithes  house,  near 
the  river,  is  the  residence  of  Major  Ezra  Buell, 
who  was  in  the  army  of  General  Gates,  and  who 
has  since  continued  to  reside  on  this  interesting 
spot.  Though  advanced  in  years,  his  memory  Is 
still  good,  and  he  yearly  accompanies  strangers 
in  their  excursions  over  the  battle  ground,  point- 
ing out  to  them  the  different  scites  on  which  the 
most  important  events  transpired. 


■"■l^-i  ::/■•/     2^:  ti^W- 


?■'"  ■ 


90^     SANDY-HILL.— glen's   FALLS^ 

Saitdt  Hill,  lies  a  little  east  of  th^  usual 
i^oute  Irom  Saratoga  Springs  to  Lake  George«4)ut 
the  stranger  will  be  amply  repaid  for  a  deviation 
of  a  few  miles  to  this  interesting  village.  It  is 
situated  on  the  margin  of  the  Hudson  river,  im- 
mediately above  ^aker^s  Pa\hy  about  18  miles 
from  Saratoga  Spriogs.  A  wobden  bridge  extends 
across  the  river  at  this  place,  from  which  the 
road  leads  up  a  precipitous  ascent,  on  the  sum- 
mit of  which  the  village  is  situated.  The  streets 
are  laid  out  ip  the  form  of  a  triangle.  In  the  ^ 
centre  is  ati  open  area,  surrouiided  by  hand- 
somely constructed  stores  and  dwellings.  The 
village  contains  upwards  of  90  houses,  and  about 
^  400  inhabitants.  The  courts  of  the  county  are 
held  alternately  here  and  at  Salem. 

Glen's  Falls,  a  village  of  nearly  the  same 
size  of  Sandy  Hill,  is  situated  3  miles  further  up 
iit  the  Hudson  river,  on  the  direct  route  to  Lake 

George.  At  this  place  are  the  celebrated  falls 
from  which  the  village  takes  its  name.  These  are 
situated  about  1-4  of  a  mile  south  of  the  village, 
faear  to  a  permanent  bridge,  extending  pantly 
over  the  falls,  and  frt^m  which  the  best  view  of 
them  may  be  had.  The  falls  are  formed  by  the 
waters  of  the  Hudson,  which  flow  in  one  sheet 
over  the  brink  of  the  precipice,  but  are  immedi- 
ately divided  by  the  rocks  into  four  principal 
channels.  The  height  of  the  falls  is  ascertained, 
by  measurement,  to  be  63  feet ;  though  the  water 
ilows  in  an  angular  descent  of  4  or  500  feet.  Some 
rods  below  the  falls,  ts  a  long  cave  in  the  rocks, 
extending  from  one  channel  to  the  other.  On  its 
walls  are  inscribed  a  variety  of  names  of  former 
guests,  who  have  thought  proper  to  pay  this  cu?* 


0 


glenV  rALts, 


91 


m 


^^4 


tdruary  tribute.  The  rocks,  which  are  at  some 
seasoas  covered  with  water^  but  at  others  entirely 
dry,  are  chequered  by  small  indentations,  and  in 
many  places  considerable  chasms  are  ormed,pro* 
bab!y  by  pebbles  kept  in  mot  on  by  the  falling^ 
water.  It  '<s  very  evident  that  these  falls,  like  those 
of  Niagara,  were  once  a  considerable  distance 
lower  down  the  river — the  banks  below  beiOgf 
composed  of  shelving  rocks,  fnom  30  to  70  feet 
perpendicular  height.  On  the  north  side  of  the 
river  is  a  navigable  feeder,  not  yet  completed^ 
designed  to  communicate  with  the  Cham  plain 
caDal.  It  commences  nearly  two  miles  above 
the  falls ;  and,  with  the  exception  of  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile,  which  appears  to  have  been  cut 
out  of  a  shelving  rock,  rnns  along  a  ravine  east 
of  Sandy-Hill ;  and  is  to  intersect  the  main  ca- 
nal some  distance  below.  The  fall  to  the  nor- 
thern canal  is  more  than  100  feet,  for  which  it  19 
proposed  to  use  wooden  locks.  Lumber,  of  which 
there  are  large  quantities  in  the  vicinity,  will  b« 
the  principal  article  lo  be  conveyed  therein.  It 
is  very  probable,  however,  that  not  much  use 
wiU  be  made  of  this  lateral  cut,  and  that  it  may 
not  even  be  completed  for  the  present,  should  the 
dam  at  Fort  Edward,  across  the  Hudson,  whioh 
supplies  a  feeder,  remain  permanent. 

Conveyances  from  Sandy  Hill,  via  Glen's 
Falls,  to  Lake  George*  may  at  all  times  be  pro- 
cured, for  the  moderate  fare  of  one  dollar.  From 
Gleu^s  Falls  to  the  Lake  the  distance  is  9  miles, 
over  an  indifferent  road,  affording iiitle  other  va- 
riety than  mountains  and  forests,  with  here  and 
there  a  rustic  hamlet.  Within  3  1-2  no  Ues  of 
Lake  George,  on  the  right  hand,  and  a  short  dis«- 
tbiLce  from  the  road,  is  pointed  out  the  rock,  at 

9 


# 


92 


CALDWELL — LAKE  GEORGE. 


1 

' 

■ 

P 

f1   i  1     p'i'p' 

1  i  1  ■« 

liii 

f 

i   , 
1 

J   MflHllH^^Klir 

j 

J 

ililliHiltl  > 

IHI' 

■  HnBBij|BiTOMBi, 

^Rmi  ffilii 

1 

the  foot  of  which  Col.  Williams  was  massacred 
by  the  Indians,  during  the  French  war.  At  the 
distance  of  1-2  a  mile  farther,  on  the  same  side 
of  the  road,  is  the  "  Bloody  Pond^^  so  called 
from  its  waters  having  been  crimonsed  with  the 
blood  of  the  slain  who  fell  in  its  vicinity,  during 
a  severe  engagament  in  1755.  It  is  said,  that 
s](;ulls  are  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  pond, 
and  that  numerous  others  may  be  taken  from  the 
bottom.  The  waters  present  a  stagnant  appear- 
ance, and  when  associated  with  the  idea  of 
their  being  the  receptacle  of  so  many  human 
bones,  the  sight  of  them  is  £air  from  being-  agree- 
able. Three  miles  farther  is  situated  the  village 
of 

Caldwell,  on  the  south  western  margin  of 
the  lake.  This  village  contains  a  number  of  neat 
little  buildings,  and  about  600  inhabitants.  The 
Lake  George  CoSee-House,  kept  by  Mr.  Baird, 
the  proprietor,  has  recently  been  fitted  up  in 
good  style,  and  can  accommodate  from  80  to  100 
visitants.  There  are  here,  also,  a  post-office,  a 
Printing-office,  a  church,  and  a  court  house.  The 
village  is  bordered  on  the  east  by  a  range  of 
hills,  to  the  highest  of  which,,  called  Prospect 
-  Hill,  a  road  has  been  made,  and  though  difficult 
of  ascent,  the  toil  is  richly  compensated  in  the  di- 
versified and  extensive  prospect  afforded  from  its 
summit. 

LAKE  GEORGE, 

Is  situated  but  a  short  day's  ride  from  the 
villages  of  Ballston  and  Saratoga  Springs,  from 
v^hence  an  excursion  to  the  Lake  is  almost  con- 
sidered aa  a  matter  of  course.    Indeed,  there  are 


win 


lide  from  the 


f^- 


Ti 


LAKE  GC0R6E. 


93 


few  places  where  a  greater  variety  of  induco- 
ments  attract  the  stranger  than  at  Lake  George. 
Besides  the  interest  which  is  excited  from  an  as- 
sociation of  many  important  historic  events,  this 
place  is  rendered  peculiarly  interesting  from  the 
unrivalled  ekhibition  of  the  beautiful  and  ro- 
mantic scenery  presented  by  the  lake  and  its  en« 
virons.  At  the  village  of  i'aldwell  the  lake  is 
about  one  mile  in  width,  but  it  generally  varies 
from  3-4  of  a  mile  to  4  miles.  The  whole  length 
is  36  miles.  The  waters  are  discharged  inito 
Lake  Champlain,  at  Ticonderoga,  by  an  outlet 
which,  in  the  distance  of  2  miles,  falls  180  feet. 

Lake  George  is  remarkable  for  the  transpar* 
ancy  of  its  waters.  They  are  generally  very 
deep,  but  at  an  ordinary  depth  the  clean  grav- 
elly bottom  is  distinctly  visible.  The  great  va- 
riety of  excellent  fish  which  are  caught  here, 
renders  it  a  favorite  resort  for  those  who  are  fond 
of  angling.  The  salmon  trout  is  caught  ia 
abundance,  weighing  from  10  to  20  pounds. 
The  lake  is  interspersed  with  a  great  numt)er  of 
small  islands,  the  principal  of  which,  Diamond 
Island,  once  containing  «.  military  fortifica- 
tion, and  Tea  Island,  on  which  is  a  summer- 
house  erected  for  the  amusement  of  parties  of 
pleasure,  are  visible  from  the  head  of  the  lake^^ 
The  whole  number  of  islands  is  said  to  equal 
the  number  of  days  in  the  year. 

The  scenery  on  the  borders  of  the  lake  is  gen- 
erally mountainous.  With  the  exception  of  some 
intervals,  checkered  with  fruitful  cultivation,  the 
land  recedes  from  thf  lake  with  a  gentle  acclivi- 
ty, for  a  few  rods,  and  then,  with  a  bolder  as* 
cent,  to  an  elevation  of  from  500  to  1500  feet.  The 
best  view  <of  the  lakeland  its  eny irons  is  had  frosi 


•Ja.      -'   "■  '^.ffi-  ■:  ''"y  ' 


'W. 


.1^ 


94 


FORT    WILLIAM    HENRV. 


the  Bouthern  extremity,  near  the  remains  of  old 
l^'ort  George,  from  whence  the  prospect  embra- 
ces the  viUag^e  of  Caldwell  and  the  numerous  lit- 
tle islands  rising  from  the  calm  bosom  of  lh« 
liike,  whose  waters  are  beautifully  '  contrasted 
trilh  the  parallel  rid?;es  of  craggy  mountains, 
through  an  extent  of  nearly  14  miles.  Near  the 
southern  shore  of  the  lalke  are  the  ruins  of  an 
old  fortificatiopi  called 

Fort  Wii^liam  Hi;nry.     Vestiges  of  the 
trails  aud  out-works  are  still  to  be  seen.     Previ- 
ous to  its  construction,  the  scite  of  the  fort  was 
occupied  by  the  English  army  under  the  com- 
mand of  Sir  William  Johnson,  who  was  majfiog 
preparations  for  an  attack   upon  Crown  Point 
Before  any  movement  was  made  by  Sir  William, 
the  French  army,  under  the  comn^nd  pf  Baron 
Dieskau,  marched  from  Ticonderoga  for  Fort  Ed- 
"Ward,  but  afterwards  changing  his  purpose,  he 
was  proceeding  to  the  head  of  the  lake,  when  he 
unexpectedly  fell  in  with  a  perty  of  the  English, 
who  had  been  detached  by  Sir  William  for  the  re- 
lief of  Fort  Edward,     A  severe  battle  ensued,  in 
which  the  English  were  defeated,  and  compelled 
hastily  to  retire  from  the  field      They  were  pur- 
sued into  their  intrenchments  by  the  French  ar- 
my, who  commenced  a  furious  ascault  upon  the 
Ilnglish  camp,   but  were   repulsed  with  great 
'slaughter.  The  discomfitisd  Earon,  on  his  retreat 
from  this  unsuccessful  attack,  was  a  third  time 
engaged  by  a  party  of  English,  who  had  been 
1  despatched  from  the  garrison  at  Fort  Edward,  to 
succour    Sir  William  Johnson,  and  totally  de- 
feated.   These  three  several  engagements  took 
place  on  the  same  day,  the  6th  September,  1755, 
^  the  vicijaity  of  thp  Bloody  Pond,  intp  whiqh 


.  ..ii:l:i-.-*4-iK.: 


SNRV. 


■.J 
PORT    GEORGE. 


95 


i  remains  of  old 
prospect  em  bra- 
he  numerous  lit- 
tn  bosom  of  the 
fully '  contrasted 
ag«y  mountams, 
ailes.  Near  the 
}  the  ruins  of  an 

Vestiges  of  the 
be  seen.     Previ- 
of  the  fort  wag 
under  the  com- 
vho  was  majfiag 
n  Crown  Point 
by  Sir  William, 
inland  pf  Baron 
og^a  for  Fort  Ed- 
I  his  purpose,  he 
5  lake,  when  he 
of  the  English, 
lUam  for  the  re- 
•attle  ensued,  in 
and  compelled 
'hey  were  pur- 
he  French  ar- 
ault  upon  the 
d  with  great 
L  on  his  retreat 
a  third  time 
ho  bad  been 
rt  Edward,  to 
I  ♦otally  de- 
gem  ents  took 
ternber,  1755, 
d,  into  whiqh 


the  bodies  of  the  slain  were  afterwards  throwtt. 
la  1757,  Fort  William  Henry  contained  a  garri- 
eonof  3,000  men,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Munroe.  The  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  after  three 
-attempts  to  besiege  the  fort  in  form,  reinforced 
his  army  to  about  10,000  men,  and  summoned 
Col.  Munroe  to  surrender.  This  summons  being 
refused,  JVontcalm,  after  a  furious  assault,  obli- 
ged the  English  to  capitulate.  The  terms  pf  the 
capitulation,  though  honorable  to  the  English, 
were  shamefully  violated  by  the  Indians  attached 
to  the  French  army,  who  massacred  tlie  whole 
garrison,  except  a  small  remnant,  who  made 
their  escape  to  Fort  Edward.  The  fort  was  ra- 
zed to  the  ground  by  Montcalm,  and  was  never 
afterwards  rebuilt.  This  spot  was  the  scene  of 
embarkation  pf  General  Abercrombie,  who,  in 
1758,  descended  the  lake  with  an  army  of  ^5,- 
000  men,  for  an  attack  on  Ticonderoga.  About 
rods  further  south,  on  a  commanding  eminence, 
situated  the  vesHges  of  old 

ORT  George.  This  fort,  though  not  dis- 
tinguished by  any  event  of  importance,  yet  in 
connexion  with  the  history  of  Lake  George,  in^. 
parts  an  interest  which  a  stranger  will  readily 
embrace  in  a  visit  to  its  mouldering  ruins,  A 
part  cf  the  walls,  which  were  originally  built  of 
stone,  are  still  visible,  from  30  to  40  feet  in 
height-  T'his  fort  was  the  depot  for  the  stores 
of  Generrl  Burgoyne,  for^oijie  time  during  the 
revolutionary  war. 

A  new  steam -boat,  called  the  Mountaineer, 
lOO  feet  iij  lengthi  has  recently  been  constructeil 
on  this  lake,  for  the  pui  pose  c[  plyingp  between 
Caldwell  and  Tjconderoga.  It  leaves  Caldwell 
every  morning  at  7  o'clock,  aa4  arrives  at  ^^ 


^         l»ASSAQE    or    TAicv,    ^ 

pbHh  end  of  thi»  Uh-^     v 

Th- price  of  the  pa^alfj';!'  i"'"'^^'  P- M. 
boat  landwg  to  TrcoSotf  i^  „  ^T  ""'  '.""^ ' 
toUes;  for  which  aconvev.!!  "  '''^'»?™  of  three 
»nd  ^etumiDff  for  so  clf^    "L  "  Pro^ided-goioff 

the  landing,  after  w^?f«t  "*r°'  '"2  »  mile  from 
to  the  Fort!'.:^"  rXnl''?'''^'  .""""'y  PW 
"ing,  from  whence  thl  "*  '  *'"'  '•"e  eve- 

return  tl.enexrXJc"l<[w'et "''' ''•'^*-'''' 
The  Passagb  op  J  »ir„  r< 

£"1  to  impart  a  great  detr.l  ^/°'"^'='  «>»  "ot 
the  most  indiffe^enf  fh^       "'^ '"'^'■«»t  even  lo 

te/spersed  with  a    "'    .  f/ 'T     P"  '"''*  "  '"- 
of  which  are  very  ^,^°  ,Tf  ^  f*^  "'»"'''•  'ome 
pose  of  diversifviL  S.  ;     "'  ^*'  '^•""^  '^e  pur- 
green  surface  of  th'  '"l;  P^'Pect.     The  smooth 
^j'h  the  hoia"nd  ;„::", 'V*'""S'y <=o«f«°led 

T'h'ohva.y  their  SfstaSromr;  ?^  "•"  ''"'«' 
"lies  m  width,  and  occ„s1on»n  •  °^  '  ""«  'o  4 
w  height.  These^I^.  ,""y  ""«  '«  1500,-^ 
numerous  bistor L,!  a.,"?''.'""*''  '"^<'«J  'oL 
tmually  roggested  to  Th^'*''*";'  '"""*''  «"•«  ell 
?>»tion  whi^g  a  fail°diva^^""^'  """J  to  the  ani- 
f  re  calculated  toimoart  .  ^  Prosperous  passage 

ions  which  mnsui?a;sbe"^'°r'"l  '■"?'«'»- 
culiar  satisfaction      ^'       remembered  with  pe- 

ran^"  "f'taolintdn?''''^*"  ^°^'^  ""e  lake  are  a 

hunter  of  the  „am":fffir'"'y  "  <=<"«''"'ed 
?-  the  spring,  when  the  :h«'!?  " ''"-/'"'fer..'' 

f  us  year  is  sufficiently  drt'L"  °^  ""*  P"^'- 
Wpuntains.  Subsequently  LL'  '?  *■•«  ^^  "^o 
«P"ng  forth  and  iXcXZT:^^  '"^"'  ^"^ 
th.tbcrm  quest  of  food  •  bv  wl^f '°  '■««>« 
^«at,r  .u^eeu,  io  JuS^t^!::^  ~  {J^ 


<il* 


^ORGC. 


PASSAGE  OF  LAKE  QEOROE* 


M 


oVloclr,  P.  M. 
rom  the  steam  • 
istance  of  three 
rovided— going 
r.  Refreshments 
f-2  a  mile  from 
usually  proceed 
i  the  came  eve- 
5  the  boat  on^its 

:>rge:,  can  not 

nterest  even  to 

The  lake  is  in- 

)f  islands,  some 

;  serve  the  pur- 

The  smooth, 

ingly  contrasted 

Bs  of  the  lake, 

4  of  a  mile  to  4 

se  to  1500 

added  to 

hidh  are  c( 

nd  to  the  ani- 

Iperous  passage 

ftreate  impress- 

Ibered  with  pe- 

|the  lake  are  a 

a  celebrated 

deer  pasture  J^ 

of  the  prrvi- 

|ts  fire  to  the 

tender  herbs 

leer  to  resort 

;h  means  the 

Ids  annuaUy* 


!to4 


On  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake,  at  a  very  consid- 
erable elevation,  is  the  residence  of  a  wei^lthy 
farmer  of  Bolton.     Two  miles  further  is 

Twi^^^vE  iVTiLE  IsLAiTD,  being  that  distance 
from  Caldwell.  It  is  of  u  circular  form,  of  about 
20  acres,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  lake, 
and  is  elevated  t^O  or  40  feet  above  the  water. 
From  thence,  one  mile,  on  the  north  west  side  of 
the  lake,  is 

Tongue  Mountain,  with  West  Pay' on  its 
west  side,  11-2  mile  wide,  and  extending  in  a 
northerly  direction  6  miles.  What  is  called  the 
Narrows  commence  here,  and  continue  for  6  or  7 
miles,  being  3-4  of  a  mile  wide,  and  very  deep. 
A  Ime  of  500  feet  has  been  used  in  sounding 
without  reaching  bottom. 

B;<ACK  MoBTNTAiN,  10  miles  from  the  head  of 
the  lake,  is  situated  on  the  east  side  and  has  been 
ascertained  by  measurement  to  be  2200  feet  in 
height.  Opposite  to  Black  Mountain  near  the 
western  shore,  is  Half  Way  Island.  A  short  dis- 
tance north  of  this  is  some  of  the  finest  mountain 
scenery  on  the  continent.  The  mountains  ex- 
hibit an  undulating  appearance,  are  thickly  stud- 
ded with  pines  and  furs,  and  interspersed  with 
deep  and  almost  impenetrable  caverns. 

Sabbath-day  Pojnt,  24  miles  from  Caldwell, 
is  a  projection  of  the  main  Ismd  into  the  lake 
from  the  west  side.  It  is  the  place  on  which  the 
English  troops  landed  on  the  sabbath  during  the 
French  war,  and  is  the  spot  on  which  a  sanguin- 
ary battle  was  fought  with  the  Indians.  The  Eng- 
lish, with  no  chance  ol  retreat,  were  all  killed. 
From  thence,  three  miles,  is  a  small  island  called 
the  Scotch  Bonnet.  Three  miles  further  on  the 
^est  shore  of  the  lake  is  a  little  hamlet  called  by 


\ 


98 


PASSAGE  OF  LAKE  GEORGE. 


the  inhabitants  the  city  ©f  Hague,  containing  on- 
ly two  or  three  dwellings,  and  as  many  saw  mills. 
The  lake  is  here  4  miles  wide,  being  its  greatest 
width      From  this  place  to 

Rogers^  Slide  is  3  miles.  This  is  celebrated 
as  the  spot  where  Col.  Rogers  escaped  from  the 
Indians  during  the  French  war.  The  descent  is 
an  angle  of  about  25  degrees,  over  a  tolerably 
smooth  rock,  200  feet  in  height.  The  Colonel, 
who  had  been  a  great  foe  to  the  Indians,  was 
nearly  surrounded  by  them  on  the  top  of  the 
mountain,  and  found  no  other  mecns  of  escape 
than  to  slide  down  this  precipice.  It  being  winter, 
and  having  snow  shoes  on  \m  feet,  he  landed  safe- 
ly on  the  ice.  The  Indians  afterwar(5s  saw  him  ; 
but  supposing  that  no  human  being  could  have 
made  the  descent,  and  that  he  mu«t,  of  course, 
be  supernatural,  they  concuded  it  not  only  use- 
less, but  dangerous  to  follow  him. 

Aivthony's  Nos^,  so  called  from  its  singular 
shape,  is  a  high  rock,  nearly  opposite  to  Roger''s 
Slide.  The  shores  here  are  bold  and  contracted, 
and  v«>xhibit  massive  rocks,  which  are  from  50  to 
lOOftet  in  height,     From  thence  to  ?^    ^ 

Prisoner's  Islanb,  is  two  miles,  a  spot  where 
prisoners  were  confined  during  the  French  war  ; 
and  directly  west  of  this  is  Lord  Howe's  Point, 
so  called  from  being  the  place  where  Lord  Howe 
landed  immediately  previous  to  the  battle  in 
which  he  was  killed  at  Ticonderoga.  He  was  a 
brother  of  the  late  Lord  Howe,  who  command- 
ed the  British  forces  at  Philadelphia  during  the 
revolutijanary  war.  The  water  here,  from  a 
deep  green  assumes  a  lighter  colour,  owing  to  a 
clayey  bottom.  From  thence  to  the  outlet  of 
the  lake,  which  terminates  the  steam  boat  pass-  * 


-j.Mwi(W&^it-J'  ' 


# 


TICONDEROOA. 


99 


«ge  is  one  mile.  Three  miles  further,  over  a 
circuitous  ancJ  uneven  road,  in  an  easterly  direc- 
tion, are  the  fort  and  ruins  of 

TicoNDEROGA.    The  point  projects  between 
the  lake  on  one  side,  which  here  suddenly  ex- 
pands to  the  west,  and  the  creek  on   the  other, 
which  unites  the  waters  of  lake  George  and 
Champlaini  and  forms  its  southern    boundary. 
Oo  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake,  in  a  south  east 
direction,  stands  Mount  Independence.     Mount 
Defiance,  720  feet  in  height,  is  situated  across  the 
creek  directly  west  of  the    Fort.     This  height 
was  occupied  by  the  artillery  of  General   Bur- 
goyne  in  1777,  when  the  Americans  were  com- 
pelled to  evacuate  Ticonderoga.     The  fortress 
pf  Ticonderoga  was    first    constructed     by  the 
French  in   1756.     The  works  appear   to  have 
been  very  strong,  are  elevated  about  200  feet 
ab(vve  the  level  of  lake  Champlaia,  and  many  of 
the  walls  are  still  standing.     The  Magazine  is 
nearly  entire.    It  is  35  teet  long,  15  feet  wide  and 
8  feet  high,  constructed  under  ground,  of   slone, 
and  arched.     A  subterranean  passage  leads  from 
the  south  west  corner  of  the  workg  to  the  lake. 


20  or  30  rods 


in  length. 


Through  this  passage 


Col.  Ethan  Allen  passed  when  he  took  possession 
pf  the  fort '» ill  the  name  of  the  Great  Jehovah^  an^ 
(he  Continental  Congre^sJ*^  The  remains  oi  an- 
other fortification,  built  during  the  revolutionary 
war,  are  still  to  be  seen  about  60  rods  further 
south  on  the  point,  adjoining  the  lake.  The 
walls  next  the  lake  are  nearly  60  feet  in  height. 
In  1758  Ticonderoga  was  attacked  by  General 
Abercrotnbie,  who  was  repulsed  with  the  loss  of 
2000  men.  On  the  approach  of  General  Am- 
herst, in  1759)  it  was  quietly  abandoned  by  ijp^ 


100 


SCHENECTADY. 


7.. 

I 


m 


French,  as  was  also  Crown  Point.    It  continued 
in  the  possession  of  the  British   until  the   year 
1775,  when    it  was  taken  by  surprise   by  Col. 
Allen.    On  evacuating  the  fort  in  1777,  General 
St.  Clair  ordf^red  a  detachment  to  accompany  the 
American  stores  ind  baggage  to  Skeensborough, 
where-thcy  Mjere  pursued  by  General  Burgoyne 
and  from  thence  to  Fort  Ann.     At  the    latter 
place  a  smart  skirmish  ensued  between  the  two 
parties,  in  which  the  British  su&tained  a  consid- 
erable loss.    The  main  army  retired  from  Ticon- 
deroga  to  Hubbardton,  where  a  party,  consisting 
of  about  1000,  under  Col.  Warner,  were  overta- 
ken by  the   British  advanced  guard,  and  after  a 
severe  action,  abandoned  the   field  to  superior 
numbers.    From  thence  they   joined    General 
Schuyler  at  Fort  Edward  on  the  12th  July,  1777. 
From  Ticonderoga,  travellers  may  be  convey- 
ed across  the  lake  to  Larrabee's,  in  Shorcham, 
Vermont,  a  distance  ^f  one  mile,  where  those 
designing  a  tour  to  Montreal  and  Quebeck,  may 
take  passage  in  the  Champlain  steam -boat,  for 
St.  John's.     The  boat  arrives  at  Larrabee's  to- 
wards evening,  and  the  passage  from  thence  to 
PlattsbuiTgh,  with  the  exception  of  about  15  miles 
to  Crow,n  Point,  is  generally  in  the  night.     At 
present  the  most  usual  arrangements  of  the  tour- 
ist, are,  alter  visiting  Lake  George  and  Ticon- 
deroga. and  to  return  to  the  Springs,  from  thence 
to  take  passage  in  the  re^ulfir  stage  to   Schenec- 
tady, whtfe  he  can  meet.,  any  day  in  the   week, 
except   Sundays,  the  line  of    Post  Coaches  or 
Canal  Boa.ts,  from  Albany  to  Niagara. 


.  V^-'if^ 


SCHENECTADY. 

This  city  is  situated  on  the  Mohawk,  a  broad 
and  beautiful  river,  which  forms   its   northern 


8CHENECTADT. 


lOf 


boundary.    It  was  burnt  by  the  Indians  in  1690 
and  suffered  a  considerable  conflagration  in  1819^ 
since  which  event  the  antique  appearance  of  the 
city  hafl  been  much  improved  by  the  introduction 
of  modern  arehit«cture.    The  principal  Hotel  is 
Mr.  Givens',  in  the  south  eaet  part  of  the  city  and 
uithin  a  few  rods  of  the  Erie  canal.     The  buil- 
dings is  constructed  of  briclc,  50  feet  front  and 
with  its  wingf,  2  stories  highv  exclusive  of  the 
basement  story,  extends  back  1>50  feet.     The 
main  building  is  3  stories  in  height,  besides  an 
attic  story,  containing  an  apartment  for  a  billiard 
room.     Frem  this  elevated  spot  a  view  may  be 
had  of  the  city  and  its  environs,  of  the  Mohawk, 
and  of  the  canal  for  some  distance,  and  of  the 
rich  and  variegated  landscape  which  spreads  on 
the  south  and  west  of  the  city.     The  Hotel  can 
accommodate  130  guests.  It  is  furnished  through- 
out  in  a  very  superior  style,  and  guests  receive 
every  attention  and  accommodation  that  can  con- 
tribute to  their  convenience  and  amusement.  Un- 
ion College  is  built  on  an  eminence,  which  over- 
looks the  city  and  the  Mohawk  fcN:  a  niumber  of 
miles.  The  college  consists  at  present  of  two  brick 
edifices,  but  the  plan  includes  a  chapel  and  other 
buildings  hereafter  to  be  erected,  in  the  rear,  and 
between  those  already  construeted.  At  this  insti- 
tution about  200  students  are  educated  annually. 
The  expense  per  annum  is  $  130.  In  numbers  and 
respectability  Union  College  will  soon  rival  the 
most   favoured  seminaries  in  our  country.     An 
elegant  bridge  has  been  constructed  across  the 
Mohawk,  at  the  west  end   of  the   city.     This 
bridge  is  997  feet  in  length,  aad  is  passed  by  the 
stage  on  its  route  to  Utica. 


ft; 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


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vg 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  87!2-4S03 


A^^ 


103 


STAOE   ROUtE. 


Daily  post  coaches,  connected  with  the  Ire^ 
tern  lifie  of  stag^es,  leave  Schenectady  every  mor- 
ning and  arrive  at  Utica  the  same  day.  The 
i^egular  fare  through  to  Niagara  is  4  cents  per 
,  mile.  Application  for  seats  in  th^  mail  coach 
must  be  made  at  Giveru*  Hotel,  wh«re  con- 
veyances are  also  engaged  in  the  canal  packet 
boats.  By  the  present  arrangement,  boats  leave. 
Schenectady,  Utica,  Weed's  Basin,  Rochester 
and  Lockport  every  evening,  running  thro«i;h 
each  vray  in  four  days  ;  though  it  is  contempla- 
ted to  run  morning  boats  from  the  same  places  in. 
the  course^of  the  season.  The  price  of  convey- 
ance in  the  packet  boats,  including  board,  is  4 
cents  per  mile.  Way  passengers,  3  cents  per 
mile,  exclusive  of  board,  and  37  1-2  cents  fof 
dinner,  S5  cents  for  breakfast  or  supper,  and  12 1  -2 
for  lodging.  The  boats  arrive  at  Lockpoft  suf- 
ficiently early  on  the  fourth  day  to  enable  pas-^ 
sengers  to  reach  Buffalo  the  same  evening  in 
the  stage.  Stages  are  also  provided  to  convey  . 
passengers  from  Albany  to  Schenectady  on  the 
arrival  of  the  steam  boats  from  New-York — from 
Schenectady  to  Albany  on  the  arrival  of  the 
packet  boat  from  Utica — between  Buffalo  and 
Lockport,  and  from  Rochester,  Weed's  Basing 
and  all  the  principal  villages  on  the  canal,  to 
those  00  the  stage  roadf,  off  from  it* 

THE  STAGE  ROUTE 

From  Schenectady  to  Utica,  lies  principally 
along  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk,  and  but  a 
short  distance  from  the  canal.  The  road  is  gen- 
erally good,  though  frequently  interrupted  by 
abrupt  hills  and  narrow  defiles.  The  fatigue  of 
travelliiigt  however,  19  much  relieved  by  tho 


AMST£RDAlI< 


lor# 


floiirisliin^  settlements,  Hch  cultivation,  and  r6- 
m'antick  scenery  jilternately  presented  alon»  the 
vale  of  the  Mohawk.  Numerous  little  villager' 
Occur  on  the  road,  at  which  the  stages  are  obli- 
ged to  stop  fdr  ?the  pili;|)oae  of  exchanging  maik 
Kt  the  several  post  ofilgis.  From  Utica  westward 
the  road  passes  throupi  a  rich  country,  vcatered 
by  inqpmeirable  streams  and  lakes,  and  contain- 
ing many  beautiftil  and  thriving  villages.  Of 
maoji^  of  these  villages,  hoVev6r,  a  prospect  can- 
not be  had  by  those  who  take  passage  on  the  ca- 
nal, some  of  them  being  8  miles  distant.  It  is  fct 
this^' reason  that  tourists  generally  prefer  a 
canal  passiige  going,  and  a  return  by  the 
stage  road.  The  numl^r  of  stages,  however, 
connected  with  the  (nicket  boats,  through  the 
whole  Une  of  the  canal,  will  enable  passengers^ 
if  they  chdose,  to  communicate  with  the  princi- 
pal villages  witR  little  trouble,  and  without 
much  delay.  * 


Amsterdam  is  15  miles  west  of  Schenectady, 
It  is  situated  on  the  Mohfiwk  turnpike,  near  the 
river.  It  has  a  post  office,  a  church,  and  about 
50  dwellings  and  stores..  A  bridge  crosses  the 
Mohawk  at  this  place.  The  canal  with  its  em- 
bankments made  up  from,,  the  river  for  5  or  6 
miles  in  extent,  is  opposite  the  village,  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Mohawk.  From  thence  to 
Caughnawaga,  a  post  village,  situated  on  the 
river,  is  10  miles  ;  theiice  to  Palatine  Bridge,  12 
miles ;  thenee  to  Palatine  .village,  5  iniles ; 
thence  to  Manheim,  l4  miliii ;  thence  2  miles 


to  the  village  of 


9 


« 


I  « 


^104 


Little  TALta.    Thi,  ^i    * 
fr^o^  a  cataract  In  the  vi-^*^''^  ^*^*»  '^  «aa^ 

lormsarough  bed  for  C  "  ?'««>  and 

»''tbe».t,  a  lofty  rS^;  „f  ^^'"'"'""''S  ««  the 
of  the  river  and  the  fuiuJ^'^^^  ^e  coorsf 

^"."er*  Ti^  '•y '"« dil  "b";  dt?„T^'J""^ 

waters.    About  1-2  «  ^i   ?  °  *°<^  foam  Sf  it. 

'oad  turn,  »udd.„V  to  .K™"  '^  ^'Ke 
«f  «he  fall,  tnmbliD^'w'^A.PreMatiWaTieW 
over  a  g^d„.l  C^^  ^tT.f'^'''  ^'"^ 
*t  the  termination  ol' ih!  "  *boM  80  rod, 
v;;I^e,  contai„i„g"Xih„'T'  "  «atedX* 
habitants,  a  )i?i?«  i  ?"  ''""ses  and  snn  iU 
^between  the  t h  'J  ;t'r:  f  ^''*"if^«;"; 

t.€s  on  the  other-  fK«  "&©«"  ciiffg  and  einino« 
»tream  above  gently  t,,H'?'°°"'  ^"'■■ent  of "1; 
^eene  below,  an^beUfe ,!?/""  '"""-tt 
Mohawk  diversified  w^thR  ,1"**°'  ^ale  of  the 
fows,  and  farm  bou^^s  J   '^''  °'''"'«'-<fa.  mea! 

trade  and  commerce  bItZ?^  ^^  Acil  Ues  for 

Mohawk  river  and  the  F^        ''''  ""'^  "t  the 

formerly  tra„.porteatro"nd"*K*'v    ^<»t»  ''^r^ 

old'crV  °°  'be«.r,h"we  0/^.'/"^"^  "eaiit 

»4  the  ^"S**™  «'ockra„°di^:o"r-     Thi, 

':  '^"'  ^•'' »« the  /o«T„ro?;i 


« 


#■ 


# 


iji 


HERKIMER* 


105* 


liyeK  by  means  of  an  aquedact  1B4  feet  in  length. 
The  descent  of  the  Erie  canal  K^re,  in  the  dis^- 
tance  of  one  mile,  is  40  feet,  which  is  passed  by 

T^'l^d,  after  le»viQg  Little  Falls,  follows 
the  bank  of  the  river,  inifall  view  of  the  rich  al- 
luvial yalO;,  called  the  Herkimer  and  German 
flats*  This  region,  now  glowing  in  all  the  beau^ " 
ty  of  successful  cultivation,  was  once  the  thea-  * 
tre  of  the  most  sangumary  warfare.  During 
the  French  and  revolutionary  wars,  ijt  was  the 
^ceae  of  ^aay  barbarous  incursions  of  the 
whites  as  well  as  sqtiages.  It  was  inv&diid  by 
the  French  after  the  capture  of  Fort  Oswego,  in 
1756,  and  in  1^57  the  settlements  were  desolated 
by  fire  and  .sword.  In  the  centre  oi  these  flats 
is  situated  the  village  of 

Herkimer,  7  miles  from  Little  Falls.  This  vil- 
lage, as  well  as  that  of  Little  Falls,  foims  a  part  of 
the  tovigk  of  Herkim  T,  which  extends  along  the 
banks  of  the  Mohawk  about  15  miles.  West 
Canada  Creek  enters  the  river  about  half  a  mile 
east  of  the  village,  and  is  passed  near  its  mouth 
by  a  well  constructed  bridge.  The  village  is 
principally  built  on  two  parallel  streets  It  con- 
tains about  100  houses,  and  not  kss  than  800  in< 
habitants.  Every  appearance  ii^dicates  a  thri* 
viqg  and  prosperous  village.  Between  Herkimer 
^nd  Utica  is  the  small  and  unimportant  village 
jof  Schuyler,  about  6  miles  iVom  the  former  and 
8  from  the  latter  place.  The  country  aiter  lea- 
ving Herkimer  is  quite  level,#nd  remarkably 
fertile,  though  not  in  a  high  stale  of  cultivation. 
The  several  stages  and  distane^  from  4^^4<^y  W 
ytipa  are  as  follows  : 


•V  *    * 


-<>'  -»■'»' 


1  ^   ^  ^ 


J.06 


.UTICA, 


%■ 


Miles, 


Schenectady, 
Amsterdam, 
Caughnawaga, 
Palatine  Bridge, 
Palatine  Village, 


15 
15 
10 
12 
5 


Manheim, 
Little  FaiUs, 
Herkimer, 
Schuyler, 
lUlica,  ' 


Mileif 

14 

2 
7 
6 
8 


UTICA. 


Thit  flourishing  village  stands  on  the  south 
i)anl{;  of  the  Mohawk,  on  the  scite  of  old  Fort 
Schuyler,  96  miles  from   Albany,   aniji    13  from 
Rome,  anciently  Fort  Stan\yix.     It  "wks  first  in- 
corpolated  in  1798,  and  is  Ifepidly  increasing  in 
wealth,  and  popuhition.     From  itaf  situation,  it 
commands  the  land  and  wal^r  comipunication 
between  the  fertile  district  of  the  north  ahd 
west,  and  the  city  of  Albany,  and  mi»«i  dventual- 
ly  hold  the  secon^  rank   in  commercial  impor- 
tante  in  the  state.     Its  population  already  a- 
mounts  to  ahbut  4000.    The  village  contains  two 
banks  and  a  variety  of  manufacturing  esfiiblish- 
ments.     The  court  house  for  the  county  of  Onei- 
da is  located  here,  and  by  a  recent  act  of  the  le- 
gislature,   the   August  term  of    the    Suprieme 
Court,  which  w.as  formerly  holden  in  the  city  of 
Albany,    is  removed  to   Utica.     Many   of  the 
buildings  are  consruoted  of  briek,  and  in  a  style 
of  elegance  and  taste,  worthy  of  the  first  inland 
town  in  the  state.      Utica  forms  a  central  point, 
for  stages,  which^arrive  daily  from  various  parts 
of  the  state.      A*!  the  principal  Hotel,  it  is  not 
unusual  to  witness  the  arrival  of  from  8  to  12 
stages  the  same  day.      The  Erie  canal  which 
passes  through  this  place,  imparts  to  it  no  incon- 
siderable degriee  of  iybaportance  in  point  of  tr^de. 


f  * 


0- 


KEW-HARTFORD|  &C. 


107 


The  same  arranc^etnent  in  relation  to  the  arrival 
find  departure  of  the  Packet  Boats  exists  here,  as 
at  Schenectady.  They  leave  Utica  eyery  eve- 
ning on  the  arrival  of  the  Schenectady  boat.— f 
Stages  alfo  leave  Utica  fur  Niagara,  every  morn- 
ing at  3  o'clock.  Four  miles  frpm  Utica  on  ,the 
western  turnpike,  is  situated 

New- Hartford,  q,  village  pontaining  about 
90  dwelimgs  and  stores,  three  churches,  besides 
a  number  of  mills  and  manufactories,  located  on 
the  Sadaquada  Creek.  The  land  between  Utica 
and  New-Hartford  is  level,  and  of  an  excellent 
quality,  and  resembles,  with  its  peat  and  regular 
enclosures,  an  ejttensive  and  highly  cultivated 
garden.  There  are,  in  the  vicinity,  many  coun- 
try residences,  constructed  s^ad  improved  with 
much  taste  and  elegance. 

Clintqn  yii4:.AGEf  four  miles  from  New- 
Hartford,  contains  Hamilton  College,  an  institu- 
tion of  much  promise.  It  is  built  of  stone,  50 
by  96  feet,  and  is  4  stories  high.  It  stands  on  a 
commanding  eminence,  overlooking  the  village, 
and  affording  a  prospect  of  the  adjacent  country 
ibr  some  miles. 

VuRNON,  is  a  handsome  flourishing  town,  of 
some  magnitude,  17  miles  west  of  Utica.  It 
contains  2  cjiurches,  a  number  of  mills,  and  a 
glass  factory.  The  Oneida  Castle  is  in  this  town, 
situated  on  the  Oneida  Creek,  3  miles  west  of  the 
village,  where  is  a  considerable  settlement,  pos- 
sessed by  the  Oneida  and  Tuscarora  Indians. 
Their  number,  in  1823,  was  1144.  They  still 
Kietain  the  customs  and  dress  peculiar  to  their 


« 


»- 


•■!%■ 


JOS       CHITENINGO  VILLAGE,  &C. 

tribes.  In  the  summer  they  are  employed  prin- 
cipally in  cultivatien.  In  the  fall  it  is  their  prac- 
tice to  repair  in  numbers  to  the  hunting  grounds, 
in  the  north  part  of  the  state,  from  whence  they 
return  with  their  bpoty  in  the  latter  part  of 
winter.  This  tribe  entered  the  service  of  the 
state,  as  volunteerjs,  during  the  last  war. 

CHITENI3WO  ViLLAOF.,  4  Hiiffes  from  the  Onei- 
da settlement,  is  situated  on  a  creek  of  the  same 
name,  which  flows  throHgh  a  narrow  marshy 
valley.  There  are  very  steep  hills  on  each  side 
of  the  village.  Carey's  Hotel,  in  this  place,  is 
one  of  the  largest  in  the  western  district.     12 

miles  further  is 

* 

Manlifs,  an  incorporated  village,  situated  on 
fjimestone  Creek  Green  Pond,  in  th|i|  vicinity, 
18  worthy  of  notice.  The  water  is'  200  feet 
Qeep,  and  of  a  deep  green  colour,  emitting  a 
strong  smell  of  sulphur.  The  surface  of  the 
ifx>nd  is  bfetween  100  and  200  feet  below  the  level 
of  its  shores,  which  are  precipitous  and  rocky. 
There  are  also,  in  the  vicinUy,  2  considerable 
falls,  the  principal  of  whicJ*  is  100  f^t  in  height. 

Ojnondaga  Hollow,  is  situated  10  miles 
from  Manlius,  in  a  large  valley  of  excellent  land. 
The  hills,  on  each  side  of  the  valley,  rise  to  up- 
wards of  400  feet  in  height.  On  tHe  west  hill, 
about  one  mile  from  the  village,  is  *the  court- 
house of  the  county,  and  a  little  settlement,  con- 
sisting of  40  or  50  dwellings  and  stores.  On  the 
east  hill,  at  an  elevation  of  150  feet,  is  the  State 
Armory,  which  is  built  of  stone.  It  is  situated 
on  a  ridge  of  land  running  directly  up  the  main 


:Miy 


j¥^ 


AUBURN. 


109 


hill,  and  has  in  front  a  beautiful  ^een,  through 
the  cieutre  of  which  is  a  gravel  loot  walk,  l/?ad- 
ing  to  the  building.  Both  of  the  villages  are 
located  in  a  remarkably  fertile  and  rich  country, 
and  have  every  appearance  of  wealthy,  industri- 
ous and  prosperous  settlements. 

Auburn^  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Owas- 
00  Lake,  24  miles  from  Onondaga,  and  170  froiii 
Albany.  This  village  owes  much  of  its  importance 
to  the  numerous  mills  and  manufactories?,  lor 
which  its  location  is  extremely  eligible.  It  con- 
tains about  2^0  houses,  and  about  1500  inhabi- 
tants. Amongst  other  public  buildings  there  are  a 
court-house  and  gaol,  and  a  prison  erected  for 
convicts  at  the  expense  of  the  state.  There  has 
also  been  recently  established  at  Auburn,  a  The- 
ological Seminary.  This  institution  is  patron- 
ized exclusively  by  the  Presbyterian  denomina- 
tion, and  is  at  present  the  only  one  of  the  kind 
in  the  state.  Many  circumstances  combine  iQ 
render  this  place  an  agreeable  residence  to  the 
man  of  taste  or  business.  The  village  is  hand- 
somely built,  and  increases  annually  in  popula- 
tion and  business.  It  is  situated  7  miles  from 
Weecfs  Party  Jhe  place  on  the  canal  where  the 
packet  boats  from  Utica  and  Rochester  daily  ex- 
change passengers. 

After  leaving  Auburn,  the  country  is  more 
open,  and  under  a  good  stale  of  cultivation.  Well 
finished  houses  and  thriving  villages  appear  con- 
tinually. The  villages  at  the  heads  ot  the  several 
lakes,  are  all  prosperous,  cheerful,  and  generally 
beautiful.  Of  these,  however,  the  palm  must  be 
conceded  to     •  > 


no 


CANANDAIGUA. 


Can ANDAiof^A.  This  villag^e  is  situated  near 
fhe  outlet  of  the  lake  frum  which  it  takes  its 
name,  on  a  gentle  ascent  from  the  lali-e,  of  which 
it  commands  a  fine  view,  at  the  distance  of  half  ^ 
mile.  The  principal  street  extends  two  miles  it^ 
length,  and  is  handsomely  decorated  with 
treps,  through  which  appear  the  delicately 
painted  dwiBllings,  ornamented  with  Venetian 
blinds.  In  an  open  square,  in  the  centre  of  the 
villagei  is  the  court  house  and  clcrk^s  office  of  the 
county.  In  the  vicinity  are  a  number  of  elegant 
villas,  surrounded  with  smiling  gardens,  and  or«f 
phards  of  various  kinds  of  fruit,  which,  with  the 
view  of  the  lake  stretching  far  to  the  south,  beau- 
tifully set  ofiT  the  scae  of  enchanttneat.  Iti 
beauty  and  variety  of  natural  scenery,  and  the 
tms(e  and  elegance  of  its  edifices,  few  villages  cua 
pompare  with  Canandaigua.  The  village  is  sit- 
uated 208  miles  from  Albany— from  Utica,  111 
T-from  Buffalo,  88— from  Niagara  Falls,  103. 
About  9  miles  from  Canandaigua,  in  a  south  wes- 
terly direction,  has  been  recently  discovered 
Vrhat  is  called  the  Burning  Spring.  The  water 
issues  from  the  sides  of  a  deep  ravine,  and  ex- 
hibits, on  its  surface,  a  bright  red  flame,  which, 
on  the  application  of  wood,  or  other  combustible 
nubstance,  produces  an  immediate  blaze.  The 
spring  is  of  the  ordinary  temperature,  and  has 
no  peculiar  taste  or  smell.  There  are  also,  in 
this  vicinity,  a  number  of  sulphur  sprin^js. 

From  Canandaigua  a  stage  is  frequently  taken 
directly  to  Buffalo,  and  from  thence  to  the  Falls ; 
but  the  north,  or  ridge  road,  is  generally  prefer- 
red, the  country  being  more  interesting,  and  the 
road  in  a  much  better  state  of  repair.  The  north 
foute,  after  a  distance  of  some  miles,  traces  the 


.'    V-*. 


M 


is  situated  aeat* 
ich  it  takes  its 
5  laire,  of  which 
isfanceofhalf^ 
ds  two  miles  ii^ 
ecorated    with 
the    delicately 
with  Venetian 
e  centre  of  the 
k's  office  of  the 
iber  of  eleg;ani 
rdens,  and  or, 
hieh,  with  the 
e  south,  beau- 
anttnent.      Itx 
nery,  and  the 

wvillag^escua 
'  villao^e  is  sit- 
m  Utica,  III 
a  Falls,  103. 
>  a  south  wes- 
y   discovered 
The  water 
'^ine,  and  ex- 
iame,  which, 
combustible 
blaze.     The 

re,  and  has 
are  also,  in 
rinofs. 

lently  taken 
o  the  Falls; 
ally  prefer- 
ng»  and  the 

The  north 
»  traces  (he 


•ROCHESTER. 


114 


course  of  the  Genesee  River,  to  within  4  miles 
of  its  discharge  into  Lake  Ontario.  This  river 
takes  its  rise  in  Pennsylvania,  and  after  a  course 
of  about  125  miles,  through  the  western  part  of 
this  state,  empties  into  Lake  Ontario  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Charlotte.  Within  a  few  miles  of  its 
mouth  are  three  considerable  falls.  The  first  is 
in  height  about  96  feet ;  the  second  25  ;  and  the 
third  80.  At  the  head  of  the  first,  stands  the 
flourishing  village  of 

Rochester.  This  place  is  much  celebrated 
for  its  mills  and  manufactories.  It  is  situated  on 
the  |vest  bank  of  the  Genesee  River,  which  at 
this  place  is  50  yards  wide,  and  is  crossed  by  a 
bridge  about  50  feet  in-height.  From  a  qonaplete 
wilderness,  this  thriving  village  has  been  redeem- 
ed, in  the  comparatively  short  period  of  15  years. 
Its  situation  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  ca- 
nal, connected  with  the  many  natural  advanta- 
ges which  it  enjoys  for  trade  find  manufactures, 
destines  it  to  become  one  of  the .  most  important 
places  in  the  interior  of  the  state.  The  present 
population,  of  Rochester  is  4000.  The  Erie 
caual  strikes  the  river  at  the  south  end 
of  the  village,  and  after  following  its  eastern 
bank  for  a  half  mile,  enters  the  village  by  a  stone 
aqueduct.  Thi«  aqueduct  is  constructed  of  red 
free  stone,  750  feet  long,  having  9  arches  of  50 
feet  chord  each.  It  is 'supplied  by  a  navigable 
feeder,  2  milQ3  in  length,  through  which  boats 
from  the  canal  may  enter  the  Genesee,  and  as- 
cend the  river  from  70  to  90  miles.  About  2 
miles  below  Rochester,  at  the  third  falls,  is  situ- 
ated the  village  of  ^  . 


112 


h 


CARTHACE,~tB«^,8T0V. 


•Sueiicefrom  nn  ewi„ri  -5**  ^^'^'^'^^^  *<»  com. 

western    part  of  ihe  7..!  '"^'O'*  routs  (o  Ih. 
•rected  iU!ro„  the  riv.r  )  'l'  J""  Wdje    w„ 

<^ou»  fabric  ,tood  l  ITJ^  '"'•    Thi"  .tunen 
P^ei;:if,'e.er^r  '''- ^"^ 

Elevated   12O  or  130  felf  !u    *°  "?">«  places  it ,', 

extent,  by  lo^  ro^ds  or  Z.  '  '"^  *  considerable 
Wpervipu,  forests,  o4"'^"r;7J'».  bordered  by 
'-Porary  h„.,  „f  iheTe^r "e'tt'tr"'  "^  '"« 

^'^^r::;;::^^-"'-astb»,.„n„e- 

The  navisationVrom  IMT'.'""  «  Canada 

'ortbchlosser,  a  distant.  „f  Poftage  extends  to 
«7  "PPearanc;  confirms  tt*""  " '»"'"■  Ev? 
•his  place  the  falls  J^    ""^  ^"Pposition,  that  »t 

'     ">y  a  constant  abrasion  of 


7^ 


row. 

ved  1(8  e4>nn9- 
lichf  duritij^  iti 
e  route  to  th« 
i  bridge  was 
V  the  basin  q( 
I  arch,  whose 
ance  from  th« 
This  slupen- 
r  its  construc- 
)ressure  of  its 
kge  has  been 

le  foute  is  on 

alluvial  way. 

I  ho  re  of  Lake 
to    Niagara 

».  The  road 
nd  isg^ener- 
e  places  it  i« 
level  of  the 
to  10  miles, 
hway  is  un- 

|issions,  bor- 
remaining^ 
lopsiderable 
ordereil  by 
vet|  by  the 

Unk  of  the 
|q  Canada, 
linates  t^jt 
extends  to 
Jiles.     Ev- 
>n,  that  at 
immense 
^rasion  of 

I »      ■  r     • 


tRIE    CASAt< 


113 


the  cataract  have  receded  to  their  present  posi- 
tion, 7  miles  distant.  Belore  reaching  Niagara, 
the  attention  of  the  traveller  is  arrested  by  a 
ciiA»m  in  the  rocks,  called  the  Devil's  Hole,  in 
which  the  waters  are  in  a  constant  whirl,  iii  a  cir- 
ralar  -<puceof  about  1200  feet  circumference.  In 
this  vicinity  the  banks  of  the  river  are  nearly  300 
feet  in  height. 

The  (olio  wing  are  the  distances  from  Utica  to 
Niagara,  on  the  stage  road  : 


New  Hartforcf, 

4 

Victor, 

Miles. 
10 

Clinton  Villa^;©, 

4 

Pittsford, 

10 

Vernon, 

9 

Roches'ter^ 

8 

Chitteningo  V. 

9 

Greece, 

5 

Manliup,         '^  ■ 

16 

Fai^ma, 

6 

Onondaga, 

10 

Clarkson, 

t 

Marcellus,        ■    V^ 

10 

Sandy- Creek, 

t 

Skeneateles,     ■    •. 

6 

Gaines, 

8 

Auburn, 

9 

Oak -Orchard^     ■ 

7 

Ciiyuga  Bridge, 

9 

Hartland, 

14 

Geneva, 

13 

Lcwiston, 

It 

Canandaigua, 

16 

Niagara  Falls, 

7 

From  SJchenectady,  the  stage  route  to  Niaga* 
ra  is  preferred  by  many  ;  and  considering  the 
infancy  of  the  canal,  and  the  consequent  want  of 
improvement  along  a  great  portion  of  it,  the 
stage  route  has  many  inducements  in  which  the 
canal  route  cannot  participate.  And  yet,  the 
tourist  will  seldom  be  willing  to  forego  the  pleas- 
ure of  testing  by  experiment  the  practicability 
of  a  project  so  justly  celebrated  as  the 

ERIE  CANAL. 

This  magnificent  structure  was  commenced. 
under  the  patronage  of  the  state,  on  the  4th  of 


■^ 


I  [4 


£RIE  CAKAt* 


July,  1817  ;  and  although  but  7  years  have  siiiQfc 
elapsed,  an  entire  inland  navigation  connecting  the 
-waters  of  Erie  and  the  Hudson  has  been  neatly 
accomplished  at  an  expanse  of  less  than  seven  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  a  sum  trivial  in  comparison  with 
the  immense  advantage  derived- to  the  state  fipm 
such  communication.     The  canal,  beginning  at 
Albany  on  the  Hudson,  passes  up  the  west  bank 
of  that  river  nearly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mo- 
hawk ;  thence  along  the  bank  of  the  Mohawk, 
to  Schenectady,  crossing  the  river  twice  by  2  * 
aqueducts.      From  Schenectady  it  follows  the 
south  bank  of  the    Mokawk  until    it   reaches 
Rome.    Tn  some  places  it  encroaches  so  near  as 
to  require  embankments  made  up  from  the  riv- 
\         er  to  support  it.    An    embankment  of  this  de- 
«^        scription  at  Amsterdam  village  is  5  or  6  miles  in 
extent.     What  is  called  the  long  level^  being  a 
distance  of  69  1-2  miles  without  an  intervening 
lock,  commences  in  the  town  of  Frankfort  about 
8  miles  east  of  Utiea,  and  terminates  3  4  of  a  mile 
cast  from  Syracuse,  from  whence  is  a  side  cut  to 
Salina  1  1-4  mile ;  from  thence  the  route   pro- 
ceeds 35  miles  to  Montezuma,  situated  on  the  east 
*  border  of  the  Cayuga  marshes,  3  miles  in  extent, 
over  which  to  the  great  embankment,  72  feet  in 
height  and  near  2  miles  in  length,  is  a  distance  of 
62    miles ;  thence  8  1-2  miles  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Genesee  level  extending  westward 
to  Lockport,  nearly  parallel  with  the  ridge  road, 
65  miles.    7  milf  s  from  thence  to  Pendleton  vill- 
age the  canal  enters  Tonnewanta  Creek,  which 
it  foll'ows  12  miles,  and  thence  following  the  east 
side  of  the  Niagara  river,  communicates  with  lake 
Erie  at  Buffalo.     The  whole  line    of  the  canal 
from  Albany  to  Buffalo  is  360  mile^  in  length. 
It  is  40  feet  wide  at  the  top  and  28   feet  wide  at 


fiRtE    CANAL, 


115 


the  bottom.  The  water  flows  at  the  depth  of  4 
feet  in  a  moderate  descent  of  ^  an  inch  in  a  mile4 
The  tow  path  is  elevated  about  4  feet  from  the 
surface  of  the  water,  and  is  10  feet  wide.  The 
whole  length  of  the  canal  includes  83  locks  and 
18  aqueducts  of  various  extent.  The  loaks  are 
constructed  in  the  most  durable  manner  of  stone 
laid  in  water  lime^  and  arfe  90  feet  in  length  and 
15  feet  in  width.  The  principal  aqueducts  are 
those  crossing  the  Genesee  river  at  Rochester* 
750  feet  in  length  ;  and  two  crossing  the  Mohawfc 
river  near  Alexander's  bridge,  one  of  which  lat- 
ter aqueducts  is  748  feet  and  the  other  1188  feet 
in  length.  The  whole  workmanship  evinces  a 
degree  of  beauty  and  proportion  consistent  with 
the  greatest  strength.  In  many  places  the  sides 
of  the  canal  are  either  paved  with  small  stone  or 
Covered  with  thick  grass^  designed  to  prevent  the 
crumbling  of  the  soil  by  the  motion  of  the  water- 
To  the  mr^n  canal  are  a  number  of  side  cuts  or 
lateral  canals ;  onie  o  )posite  Troy  connecting  with 
the  Hudson,  one  at  Syracuse  a  mile  and  a  half  in 
length  to  Salina,  one  at  Orville,  one  at  Chitte- 
ningo,  and  one  at  Rochester  of  two  miles  in 
length,  which  serves  the  double  purpose  of  a 
navigable  feeder,  and  a  mean  of  communicatioa 
for  boats  between  the  canal  and  the  Genesee 
river.  It  is  highly  probable  that  these  laleral 
cuts  will  increase  in  ratio  with  the  euterprize  of 
the  numerous  adjacent  villages  scattered  along 
the  line  of  the  main  canal.  Measures  have  al- 
ready been  taken  to  connect,  by  means  of  a  ca- 
nal, the  Seneca  Lake  and  the  Chemung  or  Tioga 
branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  between  which  is  a 
distance  of  about  20  miles.  In  addition  to  this  it 
i«  also  proposed,  to  connect  the  Erie  canal  at 

4  10  • 


,si„; 


176 


CANAL   ^ASSAGr, 


n  •  f""  "we,,  of  praS'"''  ','  k^*""*''  *' 
•I  glory  has  already  d**„.^  i^l,  '"'«'•  n«l>on. 
tre.  what  will   bS  Lmrrtrt?.     "^"'  »'"*  iu,. 

*«»  wrve  a,  ,f  many  lilam  °f  "IV*^  '»•"•». 

f  100,000,  with  otW  .„'!,„.   ?  •'*  '"•  ywr  to 

'"ff  to  the  canal  fund      Th.  °'  ""*""«  belong. 

♦•"«  of  both  canaCprodLrdT^JJ!"*'  '"'•°"'  tbe 
we  sum  of  «3lonon   _X- if"  "^*''e  year  1824 

«.omhan  dofb^Te  1"^^"'  P^^^-'Wy  be' 
»«te*that  10,000  boS,'^Jt^" '/*";•  "  »  ««- 
««>n  of  the  Erie  »^  Ch^J""'^  "'  "'«•'«''<'- 
*e  last  season.  *-bampia,n  eanals  during. 

Of  .1..       ^'^^^^  PASSACxE 

^^uKeTaS'M^tf::'!":!'"? '» *«  *-"••*. 

"•ps  the  ffreatesL  T^  '.l  '  "'^  "ovelty  j,  p.,; 
^n  be  co/sidl  :d^  peThan?%""'?.«f  rleasur^rt 
with  incident  to  be  repeated  -T  'I««/'' verified 

fcusmea,  this  objeclioSnr„h";J/° '?«  »"»  of 
J  <.uon  win  probably  yield  to  th» 


■!W 


CANAL  iPASSAQK. 


117 


nnHed  ooDsideiratioQs  of  the  oonvenienoe,  lafaty, 
und' rapidity  of  this  mode  of  coiireyance.  The  . 
pa99ag:e  boats  are  g^eneralty  constructed  80  fe«t 
m  len^h  and  14  feet  io  width,  and  draw  from  t 
to  2  feet  of  water.  The  cabin  ecoupiet  the  wholt 
length  of  the  deck,  excepting^  about  B  or  10  feet 
reserved  at  one  end  for  the  cook,  and  4  or  6  feet 
at  the  other  end  for  the  pilot.  The  intermedin 
ate  space  is  occupied  as  a  cabin,  oenstruoted  from 
the  deck  into  a  room  8  feet  in  height,  with  iingle 
births  on  each  side,  and  calculated  to  accommo- 
date 30  persens.  A  portion  of  the  cabin,  aepa* 
rated  by  folding  doors,  is  set  apart  for  female  pai- 
•sengers.  The  furniture  and  accommodationi  are 
not  inferior  to  those  of  the  beats  on  the  HudsoOp 
and  the  greatest  inconvenience  is  the  want  of 
sufficient  room,  especially  when  the  boat  contains 
a  full  complement  (ff  passengers  In  such  an 
event,  resort  is  necessarily  had  to  the  upper  deck* 
where,  by  the  by,^without  the  utmos'  caution^ 
there  is  much  danger  of  ii^ury  in  passing  the 
bridges  which  are  constructed  over  the  canaly 
and  occur  in  almost  every  mile,  and  not  unfre* 
quently  every  half  mile.  , 

The  packet  boms  are  drawn  by  three  horse*, 
4>ne  before  the  other,  and  uiove  day  and  night,  at 
the  rate  of  4  miles  an  hour.  Relays  are  fur- 
nished every  8  or  10  miles.  Boats  with  com- 
modities procf^ed  at  the  rate  55  miles  iif  24  hours; 
and  boats  with  passengers  96  miles  in  the  same 
time. 

The  several  places  and  distances,  as  they  occur 
^n  the  canal  route  from  Schenectady  to  Bv^ol^^ 
are  as  follows  :  • 


fltACJf  BOCK, 


^wsterdam  V. 
Schoharie  Creek, 

J»ttle  Falls  V 
German  FJat,; 
^ort  Herkimer,  . 

Rome  V. 
Canastota  V 
^•^  Boston  V. 

^^^liua  Landing 
practise  V.     ^' 


,1     ^e^^cIesV. 
^     i^Hnton  V. 

i     J«'-danV. 
■        Weed**  R«  • 

^     Clyde  V. 

J^yons  V. 

Newark  V. 

Palmyra  V. 
Jittaford  V. 
^"g'hton  V. 
Rochester, 

*      Bates  V. 
g»'ockport, 
Holley  V. 
Newport  V, 
Jockport,    ' 
P«^«dleton  V 


9 
6 

3 
2 
4 


3 

8 

21 

4 

4 

8 


ErE'^'^?^''^'  «  situated  at  tH.  . 
^ih'tbeV^  ''^^^«'"1  and  thrfv^"""*  ^^  ^«ke 
ficia  na,i!^,l?«^«--^«  of  both  /La,T  V"«-^^'  '^"^ 
the  mTJfl^'''''^  '^  ^«  ^Jesfined  ^n  V  '"^  ""^  ««i- 


2 

12 

6 

6 

3 

a 
n 

9 
6 
9 
39 
6 
4 
6 
9 
6 
6 
30 
28 
7 
21 
3 


K: 


v>. 


OCR, 


V. 

V. 

T 

Jasin, 

le, 

ma. 


r. 

V. 

v, 

» 

in. 


r 


^  V, 


6 
3 

6 

n 

9 
6 
9 
19 
6 
4 
6 
9 
6 
6 
10 
£8 
7 
21 
3 


't  of  Lake 
'I'ag-e,  and 

and  arti- 
i"e  one  of 
Its  pre- 
»n^i  a  half 

situated 


number: 

the  ad- 

uches  a^ 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


119 


l^lack  Rock,  and  will  doubtless  contribute  larg^e* 
'iy  to  its  future  growth  and  prosperity.  On  tha 
opposite  side  of  the  river  from  this  place  are  Fort 
Erie  and  the  small  village  of  Waterloo,  to  which 
is  a  ferry  on  the  main  road  to  the  Falls,  on  tha 
Canada  side.  The  scenery  along  the  Niagara  ii 
not  exceeded  in  any  part  of  the  western  district, 
and  is  unrivalled  for  its  grandeur  and  magnifi- 
cence. 

From  Buffalo  to  Lewiston  there  are  regular 
stages  twice  each  day.  Fare,  4  cents  per  mile, 
4>n  each  side  of  the  river.  The  intervening  sta* 
ges  and  distances  are  as  follows  : 

Miles^  Miles, 

Black  Rock,         2  1-2     Whitney's,  at  the 


Tonaewanta  Creek,  10 
iSchlosser,  6 

Manchester,  2 

On  the  Canada  side : 

Black  Rock,  2  U2 
Ferry  to  Waterloo,  1 
Palmer's  ^ 

Chippewa,  9 


Falls,  1-2 

I^ewiston,  7  1-2 

Fort  Niagara,  7 

Forsyth's  at  the 

Falls,  3 

Queenston,  7 
Ferry  to  I^ewiston,    1 


#" 


NIAGARA  FALLS, 

Are  situated  on  the  Niagara  River,  whick 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  upper 
lakes  with  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence. 
The  river  is  35  miles  in  length,  and  from  1-2 
mile  to  6  or  7  in  width.  The  banks  of  the  riv- 
er vary  in  their  height  above  the  Falls,  from  4  to 
100  feet.  Immediately  below  the  Falls  the  pre 
cipice  is  not  less  than  300  feet,  and  from  thence 
to  Lake  Ontario  gradually  diminishes  to  the 
height  of  25  or  30  feet.  The  Ni»g:ara  River  con^' 

10«i 


'^b 


130 


"UGARA  TAtLS, 


tains  a  number  «r  •  i 

"15.    rt  I  ""  S^n^ca  Nat,™    <■','"'  ""'«  o^ 

■whose  num^       **  *■■«  makino-  k.   ^A-^'xier- 

«ate.        r'?  ">«  Canada,  as  will  ffr '^'"■''«' 
The  Fall.  „        •  '^•""  ""'s 

about  2oi!-i         '"nated  belo„  /^ 

from  LaTeXTa  ■'^"""  WLaLe  r™"''  '"»'"'. 

idsh.   i""'«"n  width      •ri''^''"*"y  narrow^  f« 
»''t^::?-««a'eS;e^'<'-e„toftbe'7a? 

MabelowTt?nr*  "'*  J^al's  1-8  alL  J*"*  '''""•^« 
flows  abm,.        1'  abruptly  to  thl       '  .'"'estward, 

^-idlreet^'^faiarrtSr*'"^ 
•"•a<=t  potir,  over  ,  *°  ^""^^  Ontari"  "t.''"»«« 
cent,  extPr,^;       °  summit  in  ih„  r    '    ^''^  eat- 

The  sheet  of  "^  .'""^  <J's(ance  i^?!.'"'  "  "^--e^- 
l^vin^th..  "'*'■'«  separated  i'^  X^^  ^•'"eam. 
600 '."rd?^??"''  '■all  on  the  r    ^^"^^  Island 
oansMe    I"*"'  «""  the  wl^^^'das.de,  about 

about  :S»  vf?  ?'""■«'    >'s  ano^h.       '  '''^"d  and 
f-t  of  Jr;  •:  tt"'"'  S  Wefa'^'^^f; 

M<'°'d/o°praf  '™«^  Ti';L?n?"'^ «  "°- 

the  Canad„      T^^  S^od  or  hi^ '"*''«  ''«'ance 

,-  v-    ™  Of  a  curve,  about  isS/T''  ■'^'o*'  in 

'  J50  feet,  projectinjf 


®- 


NIAGARA   FALLS. 


121 


about  50  feet  frgm  the  base.  The  whole  height, 
including  the  descent  of  the  rapids  above,  ia  20$ 
feet. 

Safe  and  convenient  stair  ways  have  been  con- 
structed on  each  side  of  the  river,  leading  down 
to  the  margin  of  the  stream   at  the  foot  of  the 
Falls.  "  There  is  also  a  fine  bridge  erected  from 
the  shore  to  Goat  Island,  where  perhaps  the  most 
eligible  view  may' be  had  of  the  rapids,  falls,  and 
surrounding  scenery.     The  view  from  the  table 
rock,  on  the  Canada  side,  has  been  generally  con- 
sidered preferable  ;  but  this  point  must  be  de- 
cided by  the  different  tastes  of  visitors.     The  ta- 
ble rock  projects  about  50  feet,  and  between  it 
and  the  F'alls  an  irregular  arch  is  formed,  which 
extends  under  the  pitch,  almost  without  inter- 
ruption, to  the  Island.     The  passage  to  this  rock 
M'as  recently  obstructed  by  the  fall  of  a  fragment 
of  the  precipice,  about  20  feet  in  length,  and  from 
1  to  4  in  breadth.     This  was  erroneously  sup- 
posed to  be  a  part  of  the  table  rock.     It  has< 
however,  been  lately  removed,  and  a  more  con- 
venient passage  formed  to  this  celebrated  spot,  by 
the  construction  of  a  stair  way. 

The  emotions  of  grandeur  that  fill  the  mind, 
on  beholding  this  greatest  of  the  wonders  of  na- 
ture, can  scarcely  be  felt  from  any  effort  of  des- 
cription. You  must  behold  at  one  view,  "  the 
lofty  banks  and  immense  woods  which  environ 
this  stupendous  scene — the  irresistible  force,  the 
rapidity  of  motion  displayed  by  the  rolling  clouds 
•  of  foam — the  uncommon  brilliancy  and  variety  of 
colours  and  of  shades — the  ceaseless  intumescence 
and  swift  agitation  of  the  dashing  waves  below— 
the  solemn  and  tremendous  noise,  with  the  vol- 
limes  of  vapour  darting  upward  into  the  air, 


133 


"*"«   OP  CHimWA. 


i  X  Ae  JViagara  river  fr^Tl   ^"^^''^^e  prospect 

atForf  w?    ^^^' *  'nilJtarv  nnsf  «^^^       to  arms. 
hM.Mf  u  ^'*8"«''a-     In  172^  V     ^"'established 

beeo  selected  for  a  p,Ji*""  '«"''  «  might  ha" 
^"•d  back  to  theTce*e,  Ir.r'"'^''  '»  ""^'y  «.; 


TiirT^ 


BATTLE    OP    BRIDOEWATER. 


123 


The  Battle  of  Bridgwater^  which  was  fought 
on  the  23th  of  the  same  mtmth,  near  the  mighty 
cataract  of  Niagara,  and  within  the  sound  of  its 
thunders,  was,  in  proportion  to  the  numbers  en- 
gaged, the  most  sanguinary,  and  decidedly  the 
best  fought  of  any  fac^on  which  ever  took  place 
on  the  American  continent.  The  following  let- 
ter, written  by  a  surgeon  of  one  of  the  regiments, 
the  day  after  the  engagement,  contains  many  in* 
terestin*  partici^lars : 

*^  In  the  afternoon  the  enemy  advanced  towards 
Chippewa  with  a  powerful  force.  At  6  o'clock 
Generj^l  Scott  was  prdered  to  advance  with  his 
brigade  and  attack  them.  He  was  soon  rein- 
forced by  General  Ripley's  brigade  ;  they  n^et 
the  enemy  below  the  falls.  They  had  selected 
their  grouhd  for  the  night,  intending  to  atti^ck 
our  camp  before  day -light.  The  action  began 
just  before  7,  and  an  uninterrupted  stream  of 
musketry  continued  till  half  past  8,  whei^ 
there  was  some  cessation,  the  British  falling  back. 
It  soon  began  again  with  some  artillery,  which^ 
with  slight  interruptions,  continued  till  half  past 
10,  when  there  was  a  charge,  and  a  tremendous 
stream  of  fire  closed  the  conflict.  Both  armies 
fought  with  a  desperation  bordering  on  madness ; 
neither  would  yield  the  paln^,  but  each  retired 
a  short  distance,  wearied  out  with  fktigue. '  Such 
a  constant  and  destructive  fire  was  never  before 
sustained  by  American  troops  without  falling 
back. 

"  The  enemy  had  collected  their  whole  force 
in  the  peninsula,  and  were  reinforced  by  troops 
^romLord  Wellington's  army,  just  landed  from 
JCingston,    For  two  hours  the  two  hostile  Unejs 


« 

thfr', '  *""  P'"  of  our  men  k!'    ^f^    '''»nt 
the  Glongarian  reffiiX,         '^Wg  dresaed  Hkl 

•n  back.    Our  reeimfnt    n    ■     */?  "  often  driv. 
*«s  ordered  to  ^tteTrfr  JPt'""'  Mi l?.^; 
OMfffed,  and  teok  ev»,-    ""'"''  battery.    ur« 
cannon.     We  fc^pt  S  P'«~,  «f  the   i.emy': 
?^non  until  ISo'clE^th"/  "i*  S'''"""!  aid 
back-more  than  two  „?,« '  "%\*'.  "''«''  "e  all  ft,, 
«ure  our  oamo.  wh^h     -^   '^'"»  ''«»  done  to  .. 
•tucked  in  "itt^  '%«^  "'"enri^  have  b^ 
».«  killecj.  and  tJ^Ve  beLt""  "''"^  »<»t"f 
oes.  we  ^t  off  but  two  or  h!        ?!?*'  '»  the  pie. 
•oeicessitely  fatiU'TS  ?l  ""^*»-    The  men  were 
^e  '«t  one  bowliS^  they  couldnot  dtt^ZV 
galiop  towardlhr  r,el*f  'T*'  ""'"ff  on  fS 

de"  were  , hot  efface  ho«^"'  "■*"'  'h«ri- 
eneBy',  line.     We  lost  oSeL'Z? 'i™''^'' the 

5  ammunition.    Th?  iLs^^""^^^  ^"'-  <^a«ooii 
^2!;<>°  couldnot  be  useHitr^  so  near  tba? 
The  British  loss  in  Su  i"*  ^^^antage." 

.Ogdensburgh,  touchin!  1/?  "'"■■^  »  ^eek  for 
^aekrt's  Harbour.  tL  f  ®"'^'*«  "ver  and 
;'ay,.  rromLewi,tIf„r  *  "  '^«  '««e  b^ 
from  thence  to  Sactp..  '^<^tn«'ee  river  it  »  £' 

%aen,b„rgh  ^5 1"'  "^'^'^  P'  th^n^^te' 


LAKE  ONTARta.,* 


t25 


LAKE  ONTARIO. 

This  lake  is  in  length  171  mlles^  and  in  cir- 
ciunference  467.  In  many  places  its  depth  ha* 
not  been  ascertained.  In  the  middle  a  line  of  350 
fathoms  has  been  let  down  without  finding  bot- 
tom. OCthe  many  islands  which  this  lake  oontaios,. 
the  principal  is  Grand  fele,  opposite  to  Kingston. 
At  this  place  the  lake  is  about  10  miles  in  width, 
and  from  thence  it  gradually  contracts  until  it 
reaches  Brockville,  a  distance  of  about  50  miles, 
where  its  widlh  is  not  orer  2  miles.  About  40^ 
miles  of  this  distance  is  filled  with  a  continued 
cluster  of  small  islands,  whieh  from  their  number 
have  been  distinguished  by  the  name  of  the 
Thousand  Islands. 

Though  inferi our  in  its  extent  to  the  remain- 
ing four  great  western  lakes,  Ontario  is  far  from 
being  the  least  interesting.  The  north  east  shore 
of  the  liake  consists  principally  of  low  land,  and 
is  in  many  places  marshy.  On  the  north  and 
north-west  it  is  more  elevated,  and  gradually 
subsides  towards  the  south.  The  margin  of  the 
lake  is  generally  bordered  by  thick  forests,  throT 
which  are  occasionally  se6n  little  settlements  sur- 
rounded with  rich  fields  of  cultivation,  termina- 
ted by  lofty  ridges  of  land  here  and  there  assum- 
ing the  character  of  mountains.  Some  of  Xh& 
highest  elevations  of  land  are  the  cliffs  of  Toren- 
to,  the  Devil's  Nose,  and  the  Fifty  Mile  Hill.  The 
principal  rivers  whioh  empty  into  the  lake  oq> 
the  south,  are  the  Genesee  and  Oswego.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  latter  is  situated  a  small  vi  llage  anci 
a  fort,  of  the  same  name.  York,  Kingston  and 
Sacketa  Harbourrall  situated  on  the-  borders  •£ 


126 


OODKNSCtrJlOH. 


v\ 


St.  Lawrence.    Thi, ' ".  „  ".  ^"''''ence  wi  'h  ,n°'^ 

two  .tone  b„iM''"""y  '■'"•  ifica  'on      "  !""  '«« 
British  tivrrnm^f'y    ««cted   h    °    Y"'"''''' 

hall      u  ,°  *'"«  for  (he  .V^     u  '""«'»U'-ffh on 

are  u,ua|,y  f„  ""ntreul.  in  3  day,     t?    u""*' 
P'ement  fJ  /^  ™'«'>ed  with  everv!,'.  ^^  ■"""» 

requisite  »r,u^''*'  '««er  are  m!!.  '  '*°''  with 
gene  a^'  ve  J  '  "r^""«  o?  thraTr''""''"""-'^ 
ou^hoafsan^is';:^;,'''  "»"  "b^ruc  ed^^ ^«»ce  i, 
naviffatn-^.i  "'"'«'  which  bv  .»  •       ^  "umer- 

I-onffue  S«m!  .u^P"^'  "re  thre?^!  ^^  •>« avoided. 
Cas^dts^'^^'^  he  Rapid,  Xced"a™'""'T""' 

terminate  about  [J 


tLlYZK  St*  LAWAIfiNCS» 


137 


xion  with  (he 


3  milet  frdm  the  cascades,  which,  aftei-  a  broken 
course  of  about  3  miUi  pdur  their  foaming  wa- 
ters into  Lake  St.  Louia.  Lake  St.  Frineb,  OA 
the  St.  Lawreocef  is  25  miles  luom^,  and  iU  great' 
est  breadth  15^  The  borders  of  the  lake  are  to 
low  that  they  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  in 
passing  along  its  oentre.  At  the  northern  e3^• 
tremity  of  Lake  St.  Francie*  on  itt  south  side^  is 
situated  the  village  of  St.  Regis,  through  whioh 
passes  the  boundary  line  between  the  Canwlat 
And  the  Uuited  States.  • 

The  banka  of  the  St.  Lawr«nc«  exhibit  • 
country  remarkably  fertile,  and  in  many  placet 
tinder  good  cultivation. 

The  first  settlements  in  this  region  commenced 
in  1783. and  though  scarcely  40  years  have  elap-> 
•ed,  it  now  exhibits  many  of  the  emboli ishmenta 
incident  to  a  numerous  population  and  suocessfol 
improvements.  The  perpetual  varying  scenery 
along  its  banks,  occasionally  diversified  with  smi* 
ling  fields  and  flourishinff  villages,  together  with 
the  islands  and  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  pre- 
sent a  succession  of  novelties  with  which  the  tnr?* 
eller  cannot  fail  to  be  gratified. 

From  Lewiston  to  Montreal  is  305  miles,  and 
the  intervening  distances  zte  estimated  at  foh 
lows : 


^JUitis* 


mie9. 


Fort  Niagara, 
Genesee  River, 
Great  Sodus  Bay, 
Oswego  River, 
Sacket's  Harbort 
Cape  Vincent) 
Morristown, 


1 

Ogdensbutgh, 

13 

74 

Gallop  Islandf» 

S. 

35 

Hamilton, 

19 

28 

St.  Regis, 

d$ 

40 

La  Ciiittt^, 

^ 

20 

Montreal, 

9 

50 

n 


m 


KONTRlAE, 


MONTREAL, 

thiZ'^ltfC'fa.'^'l't  <"»•  Wand  o. 
-    •»'!  170  from  Quebec     i'l^'"  Ogdensburgh! 
«  30  mile,,  ito  mean  breldtt '?"?'/<  ""'""«» 
fcreace  about  70j    Tha  ,.il.    '  """^  "*  "'""m- 
St.  Lawrence,  abtut  2  ^j?  V«t°*  "onff  the 
WiJem  width.    The  hniu-      ^"^  """^  ha-f  a 

PO'fd  but  narrow  street,     f  .1  '"'  ''enlarly  di,. 
encircled  the  city  iJhich    h    .u"*  '^l  *>nneriy 

Mhed.  Montreal  is" ivfdid  i„f  .u'-''^  "''""'l- 
Wer  towM.  The  latter  J  ,1°  *''*  "PP*"-  •"'I 
.  Hotel  Die„,  founded^  ,«4/  1^^  T'""'  ">» 
nor  and  thirty  mm/„i.  '  *^  *°^  °n«ler  a  supe. 
ininister  reliitS^e  Zck^T"'^*^'"'  "  *»  «d- 
that*«pitaL,    The  rri^V^"  "'*  received  into 

But  smce  the  i^volS  J5  k*""  »"«'t"tion. 
ioffl  of  jt,  principaTfund^'  ,^^"*  '"»''«<"ie<l  the 
Its  re.ources  have  h..„    "^  !?*"  "*«'«'!  >n  Paris 
.o«e  propeHyt  Unj    T°^fi"«^to  the  avails  of 

the  Ca.h  W,  the  Enslfah  r?''*':'**''"  "o"'"^ 
ry,  theConvem  of  Kh«m  ""i' "*»  S«»ina. 
S«ter,  of  Notre  Dame  tSI'  "'"'  '?"  "^  ""e 
or  convent  of  the  Grey  Si,.!  ^^oeral  hospital; 
Janto  of  the  St  LaSe'Tji.'J,  '?"'*''  °°  '"e' 
'^vVeT-Tl^rs^^t^Hi^reS^^^^^^^^ 

"dis  u-derTet^'^emeTor"''''^'"  '^^ 
nineteen  nuns.         ''■«>««««  of  a  superior  and 

^^'^''ist%:^l^^^.  "'  -»  -  at 
•kriva  a  revenur/rom   ^"'^"''o-    The  clerffy 

--u-erthea^c^rreS^d'-^lrtr! 


KONTREAli. 


12^ 


loutions  ordained  bj  the  church.  Besides  these, 
<a  principal  source  of  reienue  is  from  theimes 
for  alicaatioD,  which  amount  to  about  8  per 
cent,  paid  by  the  puVchaser  of  r^al  estate,  every 
time  the  same  is  sold,  and  which  extends  tu  sales 
of  all  real  estates,  in  the  seigniory  or  islanu  of 
Montreal. 

The  city,  including  its  fiuburbs,  contains  25,* 
000  inhabitants. 

The  mountain  of  Montrea:!,  from  which  th« 
city  takes  its  name,  rises  al»out  2  1*2  miles  dis- 
tant. It  is  elevated  700  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  river,  and  extendi  from  north  to  south  2 
miles.  This  spot  has  already  been  selected  for 
the  residence  of  some  private  gentlemen, 
whose  elegant  white  mansions  appear  beautiful 
in  contrast  with  tne  surrounding  foliage.  1  he 
island  of  St.  Heiena,  immediately  opposite  the 
city,  is  a  delightful  little  spot,  from  whence  is  had 
a  fine  view  of  Montreal,  with  its  lofty  mountain 
in  the  back  ground,  the  settlements  of  Longueil, 
6t.  Lambert  and  La  Prairie  de  la  Madalene.  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  river,  and  the  waters  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  dashing  over  the  rocks  of  La  Chine, 
and  sweeping  their  course  around  a  variety  of  isl- 
ands. 

The  St.  Lawrence,  from  Montreal  to  Quebec, 
is  navigated  by  a  number  of  steam  boats,  all  of 
which  possess  every  necessary  accommodation 
to  render  the  passage  pleasant.  The  finest  boat 
in  the  line  is  said  to  be  the  Lady  Sherbrook, 
which  is  much  the  largest,  and  of  about  800  tons 
burthen.  A  journey  to  Quebec  and  back  agai% 
which  6  or  8  years  since  was  the  labour  of  some 
weeks,  may  now  be  accomplished,  by  means  of 
jthe  steam  boats,  in  less  than  4  days.    The  di|# 


# 


i30 


^^^tiAK-asHur,  &c. 


fc»ft*IS?^J;«»,,tt«  fctt.  of  ,„  old  foH. 

•oout  isoo.     Wg„,  ,C~r^'    If'  population  ■•- 

•/•*■•._  J    *  «*Md«ce  of  fh.  #-<     .  '  Which  wa» 
«^Canoda,  dnrine  the  JLil  <^<>Temor  General 
J»**  "»e  town,  the  r^t '?""'*'■  »o»ths.     Oono 
«*»«<l.,nd  fe«vLbu  f  ^™' "  "bont  SSOySfd." 

*««>  «f  1-ke  C^n?;^'*;'.,?:'''''''  ■»"•'•"  the 

fr^^d^^S^-^vtti'ii^ 

fr-^ ^Quebec,  ^"""»'Tho«a5,  on  <he,V^t;;t? 

"«  wrrent,  and  are  Cm  V^  f  ]?  ''""^  but  l/t. 
"e  upper  end  of  «^.  TT  *  '°  '  1  feet  dsen     At 

^^  a?e  inte^.%S:d'thi:h""'*'^«f-«"ii 
it«t  occur  in  the  S(  r  .        ""  ""e  only  ones 

.  Thbbb  River*  .>  ,1. 
wee,  T/hich  is  diyid;d  h^*""""'  "'■"'0  St.  Wan- 

iPWn  Fas  formerly  th,6 


THREE  RIVERS,  &e. 


131 


seat  of  the  Colonial  Government,  and  is  now  cod* 
sidered  the  third  in  importance  in  the  province* 
It  contains  about  320  houses,  including  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  and  an  Episcopal  Church,^  and  a 
Conyeat  of  Ursulines.  The  number  of  inhabi* 
tants  is  estimated  at  2500.  Some  miles  up  the 
St  Maurice  are  the  celebrated  falls  of  Shawin* 
negame,  a  beautiful  cataract  of  about  100  feet 
descent. 

The  population  of  Lower  Canada  is  prihci 
pally  found  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Nearly  the  whole  distance  frwn  Montreal  to  Que- 
bec exhibits  a  cultivated  tract,  extending  from 
the  shores  back  about  a  mile,  bounded  by  thick 
forests,  and  studded  with  numerons  white* washed 
residences,  which  are  generally  erected  in  the 
vicinity  of  a  church  <ledicated  to  some  patron 
saint.  The  scenery  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  oc- 
casionally relieved  by  the  prospect  of  the  distant 
mountains,  the  highest  of  which  does  not  exceed 
2000  feet,  but  rising  in  the  back  ground  of  the 
cultivated  vales  along  the  bortlers  of  the  rivef, 
give  an  additional  degi  ec  of  beauty  and  novelty 
to  many  of  its  landscapes.  The  alternate  variety 
of  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  now  reposing 
in  stillness  on  the  bosom  of  an  expanded  lake, 
and  now  rushing  with  the  rapidity  of  a  cataract, 
added  to  the  pleasing  effect  of  the  landscape 
scenery,  afford  an  agreeable  repast  to  the  tourist, 
until  he  reaches  the  classic  scenes  ot  Quebec. 
Soon  af^er  leaving  Cape  Rouge  and  the  little 
village  of  St.  Nicholas,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Chaudiere  river,  the  towers  and  citadel  of  this 
famous  city  open  to  view,  situated  on  a  rock  of 
345  feet  in  height.  In  approaching  the  city  you 
pa?8  SiUery  River  and  Cove,  and  Wolfe's  Core,, 


U2 


« 


QUEBEC, 


From  Montreal  to  o..i>    "''''"'''«  •'•"••e 
foHows  ,  '»  Quebec  the  distance^re  a, 

William  Henrv        •^'''''^  »,.■ 

yjj.  ■     QUEBEC.  ,      ' 

K^a^V?  '  -^- ^'"ree^in^^ '^^^^ 
for  A  «o  ^''^  ''^^er  f  usf  ,„«  -     *^  ^^^  base  of 

Pf  the  rocfe  a''„rf  ."  "■*<«"«d  on  th. 

western  extremis  f '"bl^hm^nt     Vu     '°  "•« 

^'I'irh  termtaied  i^*!!  ^'"«'^«»''  aZ  fe  m''/ 
ffomerv     tk         ''^  "*6  death  of  r-     •'^   r  '^^5, 

ArnowVa?^  r-"'^"'^  attack  J"^ '""'"- 
^  ffty,  were  t^e|,  prMp^i^'J"'*^'  n^, 


■«%- 


qU£S£C< 


133^ 


The  Upper  Town  is  approached  on  the  north- 
western  side  through  a  foot  passage  of  stairs,  ter* 
minating  in  Mountain-street,  and  leading  through 
the  Grand  Prescott  Gate,  within  the  walls  of  the 
city.  The  houses  are  principally  constructed  of 
stone,  which  is  almost  the  only  material  for  buil- 
ding, and  are  of  very  unequal  height.  A  great 
part  of  the  city  is  taken  up  by  the  religious  and 
military  establishments,  which,  with  their  courts 
and  gardens,  leave  the  streets  very  irregular,  and 
uneven,  and  give  rather  an  unfavorable  impres- 
sion of  the  taste  and  elegance  of  its  inhabitants. 

The  Castle  ef  St.  Iiouis  stfinds  on  the  verge 'of 
the  precipice  towards  the  St.  Lawrence,  support-^ 
fid  by  lofty  pillars,  built  up  from  the  rock  below. 
The  building  is  a  plain  yellow  structure  of  stone, 
62  feet  long,  45  broad,  and  3  stories  high.  It 
oontains  the  residence  of  the  Governor  JGencral 
of  Canada,  and  several  apartments  occupied  as 
offices  for  the  civil  and  military  branches  of  the 
government.  Seven  thousand  pounds  were  voted 
in  1808,  for  the  repair  and  embellishment  of  the 
structure.  The  furniture,  it  is  said,  descends  as 
private  property^i  and  is  to  be  paid  for  by  each 
successive  Goverbor. 

Of  the  several  charitable  Catholic  institutions 
:n  Quebec,  the  principal  are,  the  Hotel  Dieu, 
founded  in  1637,  for  the  sick  poor,  under  the 
management  of  a  superior  and  43  nuns — and 
the  General  Hospital,  on  the  bank  of  the  St. 
Charles,  about  one  mile  from  the  city,  founded 
in  1693,  for  poor  sick  and  mendicants,  and  under 
the  control  of  a  superior  and  37  sisters. 

The  Catholic  establishments  consist  of  a  spa- 
cious Cathedral ;  a  Seminary,  founded  iw  1663, 
for  the  instriiQtion  of  male  Ciitholic  members  | 


A 


134 


GENERAL    MONTOOMEaY. 


Qnd  the  Ursuline  Convent,  founded  in  1639,  an^ 
devoted  exclusively  to  the  education  of  females. 
This  last  is  possessed  by  a  superior  and  36  nuns. 

The  Monastery,  or  College  of  the  Jesuits,  foun- 
ded in  1635,  was  once  considered  as  the  first  insti- 
tution on  the  continent  of  North  America,  for  the 
instruction  of  young  men  After  the  declension 
of  that  fraternity  it  devolved  on  the  British 
Crown,  and  has  recently  been  converted  into  a 
commodious  barrack  for  the  troops. 

The  artillery  barracks  were  built  by  the 
French,  in  1750,  and  occupy  a  apace  of  527  feet 
by  40.  They  contain  arms  in  constant  readiness 
for  not  less  than  20,000. 

The  Bishop's  Palace  is  situated  near  the  com- 
munication with  the  Lower  Town,  and  is  now  oc- 
cupied by  the  Provincial  Parliament,  and  for  va- 
rious public  oflioes  and  a  library. 

The  best  specimens  of  modern  structure  in  the 
city,  are  the  court  house,  the  new  gaol,  and  the 
Protestant  Cathedral,  ell  built  of  stone,  and  ex^ 
hibiting  a  handsome  and  regular  appearance. 
The  Place  d'Armes  and  Parade  will  also  be  dee- 
med worthy  of  notice  to  a  stranger. 

Quebec  is  situated  from  Montreal  l70  mile^i, 
320  miles  from  the  ocean,  400  from  Albany,  and 
547  from  the  city  of  New-York.  Its  population 
amounts  to  15,000. 

Near  the  citadel  of  Quebec,  which  stands  on 
the  highest  part  of  Cape  Diamond,  were  deposit- 
ed the  remains  of 


GENERAL  MONTGOMERY, 

Who  fell  in  the  attempt  to  take  the  cit;;  by  as- 
sault, on  the  fatal  night  of  the  3 1st  D.evember, 
^775.    This  gallant  soldier  was  a  native  of  Ire- 


eENERAL   MONTGOMERY* 


135 


land.  In  early  life  be  entered  the  British  serTice 
as  a  captain  of  infantry,  and  served,  with  distiiir 
guished  credit,  in  the  war  which  ended  in  1763, 
fa  1759  he  was  partiqular'y  distinguished  whilst 
fighting;  under  the  banners  of  General  Wolfe,  al- 
most on  the  very  spot  where  his  life  was  termi- 
nated in  the  defence  of  freedom.  I^e  afterwards 
resigned  his  commission,  and  deviled  himself  to 
the  service  of  Am^^rica,  his  adopted  country. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution, 
Montgomery  wa«  appointed  to  lead  the  Amerl* 
can  army  to  the  conquest  of  the  Canadas  Hav- 
ing succeeded  in  taking  Montreail,  he,  with  his 
little  army,  in  the  midst  of  winter,  pressed  for- 
ward to  the  reduction  of  Quebec.  Here  ^'-he 
was  joined  by  General  Arnold,  with  whom 
was  cQncerted  the  plan  of  the  assault,  and  who 
afterwards  assisted  in  its  execution.  The  ar- 
mies, under  their  respective  commanders,  were 
to  commence  a  simultaneous  attack  at  two 
different  points,  that  of  Montgomery  being,  as  has 
been  observed,  at  the  south  western  extremity  of 
the  Lower  Town,  at  Cape  Diamond,  and  that  ©f 
Arnold  at  the  opposite  extremity,  about  2  miles 
distant.  When  Montgomery  was  leading  on  the 
attack,  the  enemy  retreated  before  him  In  pass- 
ing round  Cape  Diamond,  the  ice  and  projecting 
rocks  rendered  it  necessary  for  the  Americans  to 
press  forward  in  a  narrow  file,  until  they  arrir 
ved  at  the  block  house  and  picket.  ^  The  Gen- 
eral Was  himself  in  front,  and  assisted  with  his 
own  hands  to  put  down  and  pull  up  the  picket. 
The  roughness  of  the  way  had  so  lengthened  his 
line  of  march,  that  he  was  obliged  to  wait  for  ^ 
force  to  come  up  before  he  coul'l  proceed.  Hav- 
if)g  re-assembled  about  200  mei^,  he  advanced 


136 


PLAINS    OF    ABRAHAM. 


Isoldly  and  rapidly  at  their  head  to  force  the  bar- 
rier. One  or  two  of  the  enemy  had  by  this  time 
ventured  to  return  to  the  battery,  and  seeing  a 
matclfstanding^by  one  of  the  guns,  touched  it  off, 
^hen  the  American  force  was  within  40  paces  of 
it.  This  single  and  accidental  fire  struck  down 
General  Montgomery,  his  aids,  Captain  M'Pher- 
sou  and  Captiin  Cbeesman/* 

The  remains  of  Montgomery  were  removed,  in 
1818,  from  C^uebec  to  New- York,  where  they 
were  deposited  in  St.  Paul's  Church,  beneath  a 
monument  erected  to  his  memory  by  the  United 
States.  The  identity  of  the  remains  were  es- 
tablished by  an  old  soldier,  who  was  present 
when  Montgomery  fell,  and  who  assisted  in  his 


THE  PLAINS  OF  ABRAHAM, 

Lie  south  and  west  of  Quebec,  and  commence 
immediately  on  leaving  the  Gate  of  St.  Louis.  It 
is  not  without  the  most  peculiar  sensations  that 
the  stranger  casts  his  eye  over  this  classic  spot. 
He  beholds  nothing  at  present  but  an  extensive 
plain,  which  the  progress  of  improvement  or  mil- 
itary prudence  has  rid  of  its  forests,  glowing  in 
all  the  verdure  of  summer  ;  but  he  remembers 
the  deeds  which  have  made  it  a  scene  of  interest 
to  the  admirers  of  heroic  valour  and  military 
prowess.  Here  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm  anil 
General  Wolfe,  with  the  respective  armies  under 
their  command,  fought  the  famous  battle  which 
resultc  J  in  the  death  of  both  commanders,  and 
terminated  the  empire  of  the  French  in  North 
America.  Never  did  the  glory  of  the  soldier 
jjhine  with  greater  lustre,  or  his  heroism  com- 
;nand  a  greater  tribute  of  applause,  thiin  )3i4 


GENERAL   WOLFE. 


ts-f 


iment  or  mil- 


tivat  of  Wolfe  on  the  memorable  plains  of'  Abran' 

ham. 

In  1759,  Wolfe  was  entrustea  with  the  comi-" 
mand  fof  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  and  arrived 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  the  31sl  of  June,  in  the  same 
year.  Be  found  the  city  strongly  garrisoned  by 
the  French  troops,  under  the  command  of  the 
TWarquis  de  Montcalm.  The  natural  defences  of 
the  place,  which  were  much  strengthened  by  ar^ 
tidcial  fortifications,  forbade  any  other  approach 
than  by  repelling  the  enemy  without  the  walls. 
For  this  purpose  a  disadvantageous  attack  was 
made  on  the  French  array  at  Montmorencit 
where  the  British  wer«  defeated  with  considera- 
ble loss,  and  driven  back  to  their  former  posi- 
tion, at  Point  Levi.  After  some  days,  the  troops 
Were  again  embarked^  and  conveyed  J  leagues 
above  the  city.  About  midnight  of  the  12th  of 
September,  General  Welfe,  with  his  army,  left 
the  ships  in  boats,  with  a  view  of  landing  about 
one  league  above  Cape  Diamond,  and  thus  to 
gain  the  heights  of  Abraham.  But  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rapidity  of  the  current,  they  fell- 
below  their  intended  place,  and  disembarked  at 
Wolfe's  Cove,  a  mile  asid  a  half  above  the  city. 
They  were  frequently  challenged  by  the  senti- 
nels posted  along  the  shore,  but  owing  to  the  de- 
ception of  the  boatmen,  they  were  permitted  to 
pass  unmolested,  and  to  gain  a  landings  The 
precipice  at  the  Cove,  from  150  to  200  feet  in 
height,  and  full  of  projections  of  rocks  and 
trees,  seemed  to  be  rendered  almost  inaccessible. 
General  Wolfe,  however,  with  unparalled  forti- 
tude, led  the  way  through  a  i^rrow  path  winding 
obliquely  up  the  hill,  which,  with  the  assistance 
of  boughs  and  stumps,  enabled  hiiA  and  his  troops^ 


"^, 


138         tALti   Oi*   ilONTMOKE^Cf. 


to  gfftin  the  summit.  Here,  by  day  liglit  the 
tiext  day,  they,  were  formed  in  line  of  battle^ 
in  readiness  to  meet  the  enemy. 

Genetal  Montcalm,  on  teceiring  infbrmation 
that  the  British  had  possession  of  the  heights^ 
iroke  up  his  camp  at  Beaufort,  crossed  the  St. 
Charles  river,  and  at  about  10  o'clock  in  the 
morning  of  the  12th  September,  commenced  the 
attack.  The  numbers  engaged  on  each  side 
Were  nearly  equal.  The  want  of  artillery,  on 
the  part  of  the  English,  gave  to  Montcalm  an 
advantage  which  for  a  time  seemed  to  dedide  the 
iate  of  the  contest  in  his  favour.  This  misfor- 
tune, however,  instead  of  dispiriting,  mspired 
the  British  with  greater  ardour  and  r<^s?)lution. 
After  a  desperate  struggle  of  about  two  hours,  in 
Krhich  both  commanders  had  been  mortally 
wounded,  the  French  gave  way,  and  left  the  field 
in  the  possession  of  the  victors. 

Wolfe  fell  at  the  critical  moment  that  decided 
the  victory.  He  was  wounded  ih  the  early  part 
of  the  engagement  by  a  bullet  ii  his  wrist-^soon 
ai^er  by  a  ball  Which  passed  through  his  groin — 
and  it  was  not  till  a  third  had  pierced  his  breast^ 
that  he  suffered  himself  to  be  carried  from  the 
field.  **  1  die  happy,"  wjs  his  exclamation,  when 
in  the  arms  of  death  he  heard  the  joyful  shouts 
of  victory.  A  loose  stone,  4  or  5  feet  in  length, 
and  2  or  3  in  breadth,  now  marks  the  spot  where 
Wolfe  expired. 

■ » 

The  Falls  of  Moittm oRBNct,  are  situated 
about  5  miles  north  of  Quebec,  on  the  river  of 
the  same  name,  near  its  junction  with  the  St. 
Lawrence.  These  falls  pour  over  a  perpendicu- 
lar precipice  2S0  feet  in  height^  and  may  almost 


CRAMBLY — ST.  JOHNS. 


139 


^poipare  in  beauty  and  grandeur  with  the  cata- 
ract of  Niagara.  The  Chaudiere  falls  are  form- 
ed by  the  waters  of  the  river  Chaudiere,  whicl^ 
at  the  precipice  are  ^40  yards  in  breadth,  antl 
are  preeipitat(>d  about  100  perpendicular  feet. 
These,  together  with  the  scenery  of  Orleans,  d 
beautiful  island  6  miles  down  the  river,  Beaufort 
and  Point  Levi,  will  always  afford  a  pleasing  ex- 
cursion to  the  tourist  at  Quebec. 

The  passage  up  the  St.  Lawreuce  is  more  ar- 
duous than  its  descent.  The  steam  boats,  of 
which  there  are  no  less  than  7,  leave  Montreal 
and  arrive  at  Quebec  after  a  passage  of  two 
nights  and  one  day.  In  returfiing  they  are  gen- 
erally two  days  aiid  three  nights,  thbugh  the  pas- 
sage is  frequently  performed  in  much  less  time. 
The  regular  fare  is  $tO,  to  (Quebec — ^returning, 
$12. 

From  Montreal  the  St.  Lawrence  is  crossed  in 
ft  horse  boat  to  Lbngueil,  a  distance  of  2  miles. 
After  leaving  Longueil  the  country  becomes  re- 
marl^able  le^el,  until  you  reach 

Chamblt,  13  miles  distant.  This  is  a  con- 
siderable town,  on  the  river  Sorel,  containing  ex- 
tensive barracks  and  some  troops.  In  the  vicinity 
is  High  Mountain,  which  confines  between  its  co- 
nical summits  a  lake  of  pure  water.  The  fort 
is  built^of  stone,  in  a  quadrangular  form,  and  re- 
sembles in  its  appearance  an  ancient  castle.  From 

this  place  the  road  follows  the  river,  until  you  ar- 

tive  at 


St.  Johns,  a  distance  of  12  miles.  This  place 
xias  an  important  post  during  the  French  and 
Evolutionary  wars.    In  the  latter  it  was  taken,' 


'A 


n 


140 


LAKE   CHAIIPLArir. 


after  n  gallAnt  defence,  by'Oeneral  Montg;omeiy, 
■•  wtti  also  Chambly.  It  ooDtaini,  at  preient, 
about  100  houiei  and  RCK) inhabitant!.  Though 
a  plaoe  of  oonMiderablt  buiineii,  it  poiicBPei 
nothing  in  iti  appearance  or  acGommodationB  in- 
viting to  a  stranger.  I'ho  steam  boat  Phoenii: 
^avet  here  for  Whitehall  twice  a  week,  ou 
Monday  and  FridHy,  at  8  A.  M.  touching  at  all 
the  intermediate  places.  The  passage  through  is 
^8.  Proportional  deduotioni  are  made  for  the  in- 
termediate distanoef. 

LAKE  CHAMPLATN, 

Forms  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  the 
states  of  New-Yoi  k  and  Vermont.  Its  length  is 
140  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  14.  A  great 
proportion  of  the  lands  on  the  margin  of  the  lake 
are  still  unredeemed  from  a  state  of  nature,  and 
jki  some  places,  particularly  at  the  north  end,  are 
low  and  marshy.  After  entering  the  territories 
•f  the  United  States,  the  country  is  more  popu- 
lousy  and  under  a  better  state  of  improvement. 
The  villages  seen  from  the  lake  all  exhibit  a 
•heerful  and  thriving  appearance.  The  lake 
property  terminates  at  Mount  Independence, 
from  whence  to  Whitehall,  a  distance  of  30 
miles,  it  assumes  the  appearance  of  a  river,  m 
which  little  more  than  room  is  left,  at  any  point* 
to  turn  the  boat.  The  history  of  Chemplain  in- 
volves many  interesting  events  associated  with 
the  French  and  Revolutionary  wars.  During; 
those  periods  several  fortificatione  were  construc- 
ted, which  have  since  undergone  somo  rcpaiiTt 
but  are  now  in  a  .state  of  decay.  The  ruins  ti( 
the  ancient  fortresses  at  Ticondcroga  and  Croyn. 
Point  are  still  vii ible,  /" 


^^ 


'r'^-Tf 


R0U8£^S  POINT — PLATlBBUnUH.     141 

RoviK^s  Point,  at  the  enlrnnce  of  the  river 
gorel  into  Lake  Chumplain,  oontuini  strong  itont 
(ortificailoD  ,  erected  by  the  United  Stateii,  hut 
wiiicli,  by  \  le  recent  decision  of  the  nomraiiiaion- 
ers  appointed  to  settle  the  houndary  line  ))e>> 
tweco  the  American  and  Dritish  govei-ninenti» 
fell  withio  the  territories  of  the  latter. 


The  ViLi.AOR  Of  PrATTHOfTRoH,  in   hand* 

flnmrly  located  hI  the  mouth  of  the  i^rannc  river, 
01)  thn  west  side  of  Lnkf^  Clinmphiin.     It  con- 
t.iitis    about    300  dwelling,   hi'sides    the  court 
hou^e  and  prison  for  the  county.     The  number 
r(  iriiiabitivnisi'^  about  12U0.     'I'his  place  is  ren- 
dered celebraled  by  the  brilliant  victory  of  Mc- 
l)ouou;»;h  and  Macomb,  over  t.)o  British  land  and 
uiival  forces  under  Sir  George  Prevost  and  Com- 
modore Downie.     The  naval  engagement  took 
place  in  front  of  the  village,  which  uverleoks  the 
extensive  Buy  of  Plultsburgh  for  several  milcf. 
Hore  the  American  Commodore  waited  at  an- 
chor the  arrival   of  the   British  fleet,  which  np- 
ppjired  passing  Cumberland  Head,  about  Bin  the 
morning  of  the  1 1th  of  September,    IBll.     The 
first  gun  from  the  fleet  was  the  sigK.:il  for  com- 
mencing the  Httftck  on  latjd.     Sir  George  Pre- 
vost, with  about  14,000  men,  furiously  as-auUed 
the  defences  of  the  town,  whilst  the  battle  ruged 
with  increasing  ardour  between  the  fleefs,  then 
I'ontending  in  full  view  of  the  re.-peotivc    ar- 
mies.    General   Macomb,  with  his  gallant  little 
army,  consisting  of  about  3000  men,  mostly  undi- 
ciplined,  foiled  the  repeated  assaults  of  the  ene* 
my,  until  the  capture  of  the  British  fleet,   after 
an  action  of  two  hours,  oblisred  him  to  retire,  with 
the  loss  of  2500  men,  together  with  considerable 


■.:t' 


142 


DOWNIE^S    MONUMENT. 


bsggage  and  ammunition.    The  American  forc($ 
on  the  hike  consisted  of  86  guns,  and  820  men  — 
ana  was  opposed  to  a  force  of  95  guns,  and  1050 
men.     Thus  ended  the  aflfair  at  Plattsburgh,  no 
less  honourable  to  American  valour  than  derog- 
atory to  the  British  arms      Commodore  Downie 
was  killed  in  the  engagement.     He  was  repre> 
sented  as  a  brave  and  skilful  ofneer  ;  but  was  op- 
pose4  to  the  method  of  attack  on  the  American 
flotilla.     Both  fleets  are  now  dismantled,  and 
moored  at  Whitehall. 

The  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of 
Commodore  Downie,  in  the  church  yard  at 
plattsburgh,  coiXtains  the  following  inscription  : 

SACRED 

«- To  the  memory  of 

GEORGE  DOWNIE,  ESQ. 

A  Post-Captain  in  the  Royal  British  Navy, 

who   gloriously  fell    on   board 

Hi?  B.  M.  S.  the  Confiancc, 

while  leading  the  Vessels 

under  his  command 

to  the  attack  of  the  American  Flotilla 

at  anchor  in  Cumberland  Bay, 

off  Plattsburgh, 
on  the  1 1th  September,  1814.       * 


fq  mark  the  8^)01  where  the  remains  of  a  ga^* 

lant  Officer  and  sincere  friend  were 

honourbly  interred, 

This  stone  has  been  erected 

by  hia  affectionate  Sister-m-Law, 

Mary  Dowoie. 


PORT  KENT--ADGATe's  FALLS,       148 


The  remains  of  a  number  of  officers  of  both 
armies,  who  fell  in  the  engagement,  repose  near 
the  Commodore,  with  no  monument  to  inform 
the  stranger,  and  with  no  record  but  tradition  to 
denote  the  spot  of  their  interment  East  of  Dow- 
nie  are  5  graves,  occurring  in  the  following  or- 
der :  Commencing  south — Capt.  Copeland,  an 
American  oificer — Lieut.  Stansbury,  of  the  A- 
merican  navy — Lieut.  Runk,  of  the  American  ar- 
my— Lieut  Gamble,  of  the  American  navy — and 
a  British  Sergeant.  On  the  north  side  of  Dow- 
l>ie  are  the  remains  of  Lieut.  Col.  Wellington — 
on  the  south,  two  British  Lieutenants — on  the 
west,  Captain  Purchase  and  4  other  officers,  3  of 
whom  were  British. 


PaRT  Kent,  is  a  spot  selected  on  the  lake  shore 
for  a  new  town  or  village,  17  miles  southerly  of 
Plattsburgh,  by  land,  and  15  miles  by  water. 
There  are  a  few  buildings,  and  a  wharf  erected, 
at  which  passengers  are  landed  from  the  steam 
boat.  From  this  place  may  be  seen,  on  the  north, 
the  Isle  La  Mott,  26  miles  distant,  Grand  Isle,  the 
Two  Sisters,  Point  La  Roche,  Cumberland  Head, 
and  Belcore  and  Macomb's  Islands.  On  the  east, 
Stave,  Providence  and  Hog  Islands,  Colchester 
Point,  and  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont. 
On  the  south,  the  village  of  Burlington,  about  11 
miles  distant,  with  the  high  peak  called  the  Cam- 
ers  Rump.  The  whole  forming  a  most  delightful 
and  pleasing  landscape,  not  excelled  in  any  oth- 
er point  of  the  lake  passage.  Three  miles  west 
from  Port  Kent  are  the  celebrated 


Adgate's  Falls,  well  worthy  of  the  atten- 
tion of  the  tourist.    The  falls  are  situated  on  the 

12* 


144      HIGH  BRIDGE— BURLINGTON. 

river  Asauble,  and  take  their  name  from  a  person 
residing  thfere,  and  who  is  the  proprietor  of  some 
valuable  mills  in  the  vicinity.  The  water  pours 
over  a  precipice  about  80  feet  in  height,  into  a 
narrow  channel  of  th>  river,  the  banks  of  which 
consist  of  rock,  rising  perpendicularly  to  the 
height  of  from  60  to  100  feet.  At  what  is  call- 
ed the 

High  Bridge,  about  half  a  mile  below  the 
falls,  the  channel  is  narrowed  to  27  feet.  The 
height  of  the  rocks  here,  which  are  perpendicu- 
lar, is  93  feet,  and  the  water  35  feet  deep.  Over 
this  chpjsm*a  bridge  was  once  erected,  by  throwing 
timbers  across  ;  but  it  is  now  principally  in  de« 
c;ay.  The  sensations  produced  on  looking  into 
this  gulf  aVe  terrific,  and  the  stoutest  heart  invol^ 
untarily  shrinks  fropa  the  contemplation.  There 
is  an  indifferent  rend  from  the  falls  to  the  High 
Bridge,  but  with  this  exception  the  spot  is  yet  tt 
wilderness. 


Burling  TON,  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
Lake  Champlain,  about  24  miles  south  east  of 
Plattsburgh.     This  is  one  of  those  beautiful  vil- 
la^s  which  so  often  attract  the  nctice  of  a  stran- 
ger in  the  New  England  states.    The  ground  ri- 
ses with  a  moderate  ascent  from  the  lake,  and 
present^  a  slope  eovered  with  handsome  houses 
.^and  trees.    On  the  highest  part  of  the  eminence, 
^  which  is  330  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake* 
*  formerly  stood  the  college  called  the  University 
of  Vermont,  which  was  recently  burnt  by  acci- 
dent.   This  summit  commands  a  noble  view  of 
the   lake,  and  the  adjacent  country,  for  many 
inilea.     Preparations  are  making  for  the  erediua 


SPLIT    ROCK — CROWN-POINT.      145 

of  three  new  buildings  on  this  spot,  for  the  ac- 
commodatien  of  the  students  of  the  University, 
of  whom  there  are  at  present  about  100.  There 
are  here  200  houses  and  stores,  besides  a  bank, 
court  bouse,  gaol,  and  tw^  churches.  Aboiit  12 
jiiiles  from  Burlington,  in  the  town  of  Willsbo- 
rough,  (N.  Y.)  is  what  is  called  the 

Split  Rock.  This  curiosity  is  a  part  of  a 
rocky  promontory  projecting  into  the  lake,  on  the 
west  side,  about  150  feet,  and  elevated  aboVe  the 
level  of  the  water  about  12  feet.  The  part  bro- 
ken oif  contains  about  half  an  acre, covered  with 
trees,  und  is  separated  from  the  main  rock  about 
20  feet.  The  oppoeite  sides  exactly  fit  each 
other — the  prorainen<ies  in  the  one  correspond. ng 
with  the  cavities  in  the  other.  Through  this  fis- 
sure a  line  has  been  let  down  to  the  depth  of 
500  feet,  without  finding  bottom. 


CrownPoint,  is  situated  36  miles  from  Bur- 
lington, on  the  wesi  side  of  Lake  Champlain.  It 
is  formed  by  an  extensive  deep  bay  on  the  west, 
skirted  by  a  steep  mountain,  and  on  the  north 
and  east  by  the  body  of  the  lake.  This  elevated 
plain  was  first  occupied  by  the  Fr^ench,  in  1731, 
as  a  military  position,  and  abandoned  by  them  in 
1759,  when  General  Amherst  took  possession  of" 
it,  and  built  Fort  Frederick,  The  ruins  of  thia 
fort  .may  still  be  traced,  being  situated  directly 
opposite  to  Chimney  Point  on  the  south  side  of 
the  bay.  After*the  peace  of  1763,  it  was  occu- 
pied by  a  subaltern  anil  a  mere  safe|;uard,  until 
it  was  burnt  by  accident  some  time  previous  to 
the  American  Revolution,  tn  1775  it  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  Americans,  and  was  afterwards 


146 


WHITEHALL, 


evacuated  by  them,  on  the  advance  of  Burgoyne, 
in  1776.  A  few  years  since,  a  number  of  British 
guineas  were  found  heie,  from  the  accideutal 
crumbling  of  the  earth  from  the  banks,  where 
they  had  been  deposited. 

TicohDEROGA,  which  has  already  been  noti^ 
eed,  is  situated  15  miles  from  Crown- Point,  and 
24  miles  north  from  Whitehall. 

From  Montreal  to  Whitehall  the  intervening 
distances  are  as  follows  : 


Miles. 

J 

mies. 

Longueil, 

2 

Burlington, 

11 

Chambly, 

13 

Split  Rock, 

12 

St  Johns, 

12 

Essex, 

2 

Isle  Aux  Noix, 

14 

Basin  Harbour, 

12 

Rouse's  Point, 

10 

Crown  Point, 

12 

Chsizy, 

12 

Ticontleroga, 

15 

Plattsburgh, 

16 

Whitehall, 

?4 

Port  Kent, 

15 

Whitehaw.  terminates  the  steam  boat  naviga- 
tion of  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  an  incorporated  vil- 
lage situated  on  the  west  bank  of  Wood  Creek  at 
its  entrance  into  the  lake  73  miles  north  of  Alba- 
]&y,  and  contains  about  70  dwellings  &  stores  and 
500  inhabitants.  The  situation  of  this  place  is 
low  and  unpleasant ;  and  it  derives  its  principal 
consequence  from  the  navigation  of  the  lake 
which  is  passable  for  sloops  of  80  tons  burthen  as 
far  as  St.  Johns.  The  northern  canal,  which 
enters  the  lake  at  this  place,  will  no  doubt  add 
much  to  its  importance  as  a  place  of  trade.  A 
Regular  line  of  stage^r  run  from  Whitehall  to 
Albany,  every  day  in  the  week,  passing  through 
Fort  Annt  Sandy  Hill^  Fort  Edward,  Saratoga, 


WHITEHALrU 


147 


56  of  Burg^oyne 

nober  of  British 

the  accideutal 

banks,  where 


idy  been  notf, 
wn-Point,  and 


e  intervening 


n. 


rbour, 
»int, 


boatnavl^- 
Torated  vil- 
od  Creek  at 
«*th  of  Alba- 

fe  stores  and 
bis  place  is 
ts  principal 
f  the  lake 
burthen  as 
nal,  which 
doubt  add 
trade.    A 
»Jtehall  to 
ig:  throug:h 
Saratog;a, 


Stillwater  and  Water  ford.  Regular  packet  boat? 
also  depart  for  Albany  every  Tuesday  and  Satcuv 
day  trt  8  A.  M.  The  fare  is  4  cents  per  mile,  inclu- 
ding board.  On  the  arrival  of  the  packet  boat 
at  Fort  Edward,  stages  are  always  in  readiness 
to  start  for  Albany,  Saratoga  and  BallstoEi 
Springs. 

THE  NORTHERN  CANAL, 

Commencing  at  Whitenall,  proceeds  5  1-2 
miles,  when  it  enters  Wood  Creek,  a  narrow 
sluggish  stream,  averaging  16  feet  in  depth.  This 
creek  is  connected  with  the  ,<;aDal,  and  is  render- 
ed navigable  for  the  boats,  for  about  6  1-2  miles, 
to  Fort  Ann  villdge.-  From  thence  the  canal 
proceeds  through  parts  of  Fort  Ann  and  Kin^'s- 
bury,  to  Fort  Edwa»'d.  where  is  a.dfim  across  the 
Hudson  river  27  feet  i^  height, and  900  feet  in 
>  length,  constructed  ^Lt  an  expense  of  $30,000,  for 
the  purpose  of  supplying  the  level  of  the  canal 
above  with  water.  At  Fort  Edward,  boats  des- 
cend by  locks  into  the  Hudson  river,  and  after  a 
distance  of  8  miles  pass  around  the  Fort  Miller 
Falls,  by  a  canal  1-2  mile  in  length,  entering  the 
river  again  on  the  west  side.  From  thence  the 
river  is  made  navigable  3  miles  to  Saratoga 
Xalls,  where  the  canal  is  taken  out  of  the  river  on 
the  west  side,  and  proceeds  through  Saratoga, 
Stillwater  and  Halfmoon,  to  Waterford,  where  it 
enters  the  Hudson,  and  by  a  branch  canal  enters 
the  Mohawk,  which  it  crosses  by  a  dam,  and  after 
passing  3-4  of  a  mile  joins  the  Erie  cana!  in.the 
town  of  Watervleit.  The  whole  length  of  the 
Champlain  canal  is  63  miles.  The  cost  to  the 
state,  exclusive  of  the  proposed  feeder  from  ^-^ 
jbQve  GlenV  Falls,  is  $875,000, 


148 


"^V   tEBANOW. 


\ 


VVh^tehailand  Albany,  ,,"  Islr^^   *^^- 


Fort  Edward, 
SchuylervjJIe, 


^2     Stillwater  V 

»     ^^cbanics  vine, 
Wateriord,         ' 
Jfatervleit, 
Gibbon's  Ville 
-Albany,  ' 


2 
8 
3 
2 


21-2 
3 
8 
2 

6 


«>'  B^"o^' whL"^*^'/  '"'^*  '"ree  «„«,  .  „    . 
^y.  b  S/'""^'  ■•-  the  to;a  „f  ^ 

5e;\r- ,^;:tu' '"^^^^^^ 

issues  from  fK«  -i  ^^  beverao-e  rp^*,.^«'ers, 
da^^P  fi?  u^®  ®'^®  <»^  a  hio-i,  h7„  •  ^^®  fountain 
uance,  discharg-ino-  «*  tu     °    "*"» '»  ffreat  ahnv. 

The  waler  «  remarkab,»       ''*"''*^«'-«JM«r. 

vras,  in  con- 


I^ITTSFIELD. 


149 


siderable  quantities,  escapes  from  the  pebbles  and 
sand,  and  keeps  the  water  in  constant  motion. 
It  contains  small  quantities  of  Muriate  of  Lime, 
Muriate  of  Soda,  Sulphate  of  Lime,  and  Carbo* 
nate  of  Lime;  and  its  temperature  is73  deg.  of 
Farenheit 

Convenient  bathing-houses  are  kept  in  readi« 
uesss  at  all  times,  for  the  accommodation  of 
strangers  ;  and  there  are  a  nunfber  of  boardings 
establishments,  which,  at  different  rates,  afford 
proportionate  fare.  • 

Near  the  spring  is  what  is  called  the  Shaker'g 
Village,  containing  a  number  of  neat  plain  buiU 
dings,  generally  painted  yellow.  The  property 
of  this  society  is  held  in  common  ;  and  they  are 
said  to  possess  nearly  3000  acres  of  ertile  land. 
Besides  agricultural  pursuits,  they  carry  on  seve- 
ral branches  of  manufactures,  which  are  distin- 
guished by  excellence  of  workmanship.  The 
singular  regulations  and  ceremonies  of  these 
people,  constitute  an  object  of  attention  to  tour- 
ists. Nine  miles  from  New  Lebanon  is  the  vil- 
lage of 


•it. 


PiTTSFiELD,  rendered  elegant  from  its  local 
situation,  and  from  the  neatness  of  its  buildings. 
The  village  contains  about  150  houses,  a  bank, 
an  accademy,  printing  office,  and  several  stores. 
Here  are  annually  held  the  Cattle  Show  and 
Fair  of  the  celebrated  Berkshire  Agricultural 
Society,  which  has  been  incoi^fiorated  by  act  of 
the  legislature  ;  and.  which  has  done  more  to- 
wards improving  the  condition  of  agriculture, 
than  any  other  institution  of  the  kind  in  the.  Un« 
ion.  The  show  and  fair,  which  occupy  two  days, 
never  fail  to  impart  an  unusual  degree  of  inter- 


fso 

«'t ;  and  are 


NORTHAMPTOS',  &c. 


o/ci,r;e«!'''""'^'"««»«'<Hl  by 


"nmense  crowds' 


Mid  ..one  of  the  fiDe,t  to,^''*?  '™»>  P'tbfieM 
I  «  situated  a  mile  ,^d  "?«'  ""  '^""-E-Sland' 
^"t  n      ,  „d  contain,  ?^i^„^"'?fCo^ecti: 

feu.  sj;,r ?n  ^^^^^ 

•everal  mnuhcZZisJ^J^  "»'«•     There  a« 

b't,  an  unusual  de,r2  'fe^le?^  i.'^'' P>-e  e^^! 

vr  ••'i'rize  and  wealtb 

neignt  of  this  niouitain  .k  .""Pton.     Tha 

"verii  l(T70feet     r?       ''°^®  'he  level  of  .?  . 
to  thi,  place,  whth  ^,°f  "™*'  of  the  re/oi 


5?fe";'; 


■  i 

immense  crowds' 

^rom  Pittsfield, 

''^  of  Conned: 

Pnnting^-office, 
'"ngrs,  some  of 
lurch,  wbich  i» 

•  There  ar^ 
ne  place  exhi- 
e  and  wealth. 

»%»  w  much' 
^d  on  the  east 
mptoh.    The 

^*!fJofthe^    • 
01  the  resort 
ss  than  frow 
«^o^  buildings 

the  purpose 
efreshments^ 
ect  affordetT 
?^Ph  com- 
r  the  ascent.' 
miles  apart. 
Item  states, 
hich  is  53 
»  and  Gon- 
ad countiy 


and  most 
Jtaias  froa^ 


151 


courthouse  and  a  "L     T  P^^^^'^ff  offices,  A 
was  commenced  by*'  IsAiah  oSf  ^^^^P***'  ^**»clt 
previous  to  the  revolutionarir  JJr"'*?  ''*°'*  *»«• 
lished  here,  arid  is  the  dS7  ^^''^  "  »t>»  Pub- 
^Ir.  Thomks,  who  ^^  h^ 
lory  of  the  art  of  pritttfi^"!!!?.^"  .^^^^o'^te  his. 
and  has  been  created  an  hh^n^*"  '°  ^^^  ^^^age, 
Jjany  literary  ihst  tutions  fn  C?;'  member  V 

From  Worcester  to  fiSstoS  tht  ^v'}^  ®**t««- 

mi  es,  over  ft  beautiful  rdadwhtu    "^^^'^  '«  ^6 

a  rich  country,  varie^ted  ^^S^^^^^ 

increase  in  size  and  importa^I  ^  ullages,  which 


Schodack, 
Nassau, 

W^ew^Lebanon, 
Pittsfield, 
Dalton, 
Peru, 

W6rthino;toii, 

Chesterfield, 

Northampton, 
Hadley, 


Miles, 

5 

12 

8 

d 

6 
7 
8 
9 

13 

12 


^elcHertown, 
Western, 

Brookfield, 
Spencer, 
Leicester, 
Worcester, 

Fraoaing-ham, 
Weston, 

Watertown, 
Boston, 


Mtet. 

7 
7 
7 
5 

6 

20 

6 

.    5 

10 


of  lX!;t;ro]fe  ofThr  i5  ^^'*^  ^^  -  -t 
places  in  the  unioi  ^5  .^  ^/"^^^^^^toommerciol 

W  ii^habita^rh  wa?s^fS"P^^rdsof  43^ 

«  was  settled  Os  early  as^tji« 


153 


BOSTON. 


m 


year  1630  or  1631,  and  was  first  called  Trimeuti. 
tain,  in  consequence  of  three  hills  which  were 
on  the  pen  insula.  It  was  afterwards  called  Bos- 
ton, in  honour  of  the  Reir.  Mr.  Cotton,  a  minister 
of  the  first  church,  in  the  town^  and  whose  native 
place  was  Boston  in  England.  *'  It  is  built  on  a 
peninsula  of  an  it  reg^ular  form,  at  the  bottom  oi 
Massaohusetts  Bay.  The  neck,  or  isthmus, 
which  is  mostly  settled,  and  which  joins  the  pe- 
ninsula to  the  main  land,  is  at  the  south  end  of 
the  town,  and  leads  to  Roxbury.  The  leng^th  of 
the  town  itself  from  this  isthmus  is  not  quite  two 
miles.  Its  breadth  is  various  At  the  entrance 
from  Roxbury  it  is  narrow.  The  greatest  breadth 
is  less  than  a  mile  and  a  quarter.*'  The  buil- 
dings cover  from  12  to  1500  acres,  and  are  up- 
wards of 8000 in  number.  The  state  house,  court 
house,  both  handsome  edifices,  gaol,  Faneuil  hall, 
theatre,  and  alms-house,  are  the  most  important 
publick  buildings.  The  corner  stone  of  the 
jitate-house  was  laid  on  the  4th  of  July,  1795, 
and  the  building  was  finished  in  1797.  It  is  con- 
structed of  brick,  and  stands  on  Beacon  hill,  a 
very  commanding  eminence,  afibrding  an  admi- 
rable prospect  of  the  town  and  surrounding  coun- 
try. Franklin  Place  is  an  ornament  to  the  town, 
and  contains  a  monument  erected  to  the  memory 
«f  the  celebrated  Dr.  Franklin. 

The  plan  of  the  town  is  very  irregular,  so 
much  so  that  strangers  in  their  excursions  are  of- 
ten indebted  for  direction  to  the  politeness  of  its 
citizens. 

In  the  south  western  partis  the  Mall,  a  very 
beautiful  publick  walk,  adorned  with  trees,  and 
in  view  of  the  common,  which  contains  from  8 
to  IQ  acres.    This  is  a  delightful  retreat  during 


LEXINGTON, 


155 


the  warm  season,  and  is  a  place  of  very  general 
resort.  Adjacent  to  the  Mall  is  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  College  ;  an  edifice  belonging  to 
Harvard  University,  erected  in  1815.  It  is  built 
of  brick  88  feet  long  and  43  wide,  and  it  sur- 
rounded by  a  handsome  dome  with  a  sky  light 
and  balustrade,  rising  in  the  centre  of  the  roof. 
It  contains  an  expensive  and  valuable  chemical 
apparatus,  and  a  medical  library  of  about  3000 
volumes  ;  besides  a  cabinet  of  anatomical  pre* 
parations  containing  upwards  of  a  thousand  spe* 
cimens. 

The  principal  houses  of  entertainment  ar« 
the  Marlborough  Hotel,  the  Exchange  Coffea 
House,  La  Fayette  Hotel,  Earll's  Coffee  House« 
the  Commercial  Coffee  House,  and  Boyden's 
Coffee  House  ;  all  of  them  spacious  and  elegant 
buildings,  and  containing  excellent  accommoda* 
tions. 

Boston  is  memorable  for  many  important  e- 
rents  connected  with  the  revolution.  Here  it 
was  that  the  first  symptoms  of  opposition  to  ty- 
ranny were  discovered,  and  from  the  spark  henctf 
elicited,  a  flame  was  enkindled,  which  resulted 
in  the  emancipation  of  the  American  colonies 
from  British  dominion.  On  the  19th  of  April, 
1775,  in  . 

LjBKiiTGTON,  10  miles  west  of  Boston,  the 
first*  blood  in  the  pause  of  freedom  was  shed.  A 
quantity  of  military  stores  had  been  collected  at 
Concord,  8  miles  from  Lexington,  which  the  Bri- 
tish General  Gage  proposed  to  destroy.  Though 
secret  in  his  operations,  and  though  precaution 
had  been  taken,  the  evening  previous  to  scour 
the  roads  and  secura  such  citizens  as  the  British 


m 


LEXINGTON. 


pffioerfl  fell  in  with,  yet  the  plan  was  discovered 
by  Doctor  Warren,  of  Boston,  who  sent  out 
meseengert  to  aiarm  the  inhabitants  and  prepare 
them  for  retistance.  On  the  arrival  the  next 
morning,  at  Lexington  of  the  British  troops,  & 
pr  900  strong;,  it  was  found  that  the  miiilia  of 
the  town,  to  the  number  of  70,  were  in  arms. 
Major  Pitcairn«  who  led  the  British  van,  or* 
4ered  the  ^.  rebeii**  to  disperse.  Some  scatter- 
ing guns  were  fired,  which  were  fpl  lowed  by  a 
genera!  diichatget  find  continued  till  the  mili- 
tia disappeared.  Eight  men  were  killed  and 
S'         feveri^)  WQunded.''' 

The  detachment  then  proceeded  to  Concord,  a 
part  of  which  took  possession  of  two  bridges  be« 
yond  the  town,  while  the  remainder  destroyed 
t|ie  military  stores.  A  number  of  militia,  who 
had  collected  in  the  vicinity,  but  with  orders  not 
to  give  the  fi/eifire,  attempted  to  pass  one  of  the 
bridgiBi  ii|  the  pharaqter  pf  travellers.  They 
were  fired  on,  and  two  hien  killed.  The  fire 
was  returned  an*^  a  skirinieh  ensu^,  which  resul- 
ted m  the  diseomfiture  of  the  regulars,  and  a 
precipitate  retreat.  Skirmishing  continued  du- 
ring the  day,  and  though  the  British  received 
reinforce^ientf,  tbay  we^e  h^rrassed  in  their, 
retreat,  to  l^unker's  Hill,  where  they  femained 
fecure  under  the  protection  of  their  ships  of  war. 

The  lost  of  the  British,  during  this  day,  in 
]plled,  woHQded  and  prisoners,  was  273 ;  white 
that  of  the,  provincialists  did  not  excjeed90. 

*K  handsome  monument  now  marks  the  spot 
where  this  action  was  fought,  beneath  wh*ch  are 
interred;  the  remains  of  the  A^^ricans  w|to  w^^^ 


LEXINOTON* 


15$ 


The  blow  thus  struck  was  the  precursor  of 
more  important  erents,  and  was  soon  foii owed 
by  the  battle  of  Brepd^s  or  (as  it  is  g^enerally  de* 
nominated)  Bunker^s  Hill. 


Brekd's  Hill  is  situated  1>4  of  a  mile  nortA 
east  of  the  handsome  village  Charleatown,  and 
affords  a  pieasant  prospect  of  Boston,  (3  mies 
distant)  the  harbour,  Cambridge  and  its  colleges, 
and  of  an  extensive  tract  of  highly  cutivated 
country. 

In  the  month  of  May,  after  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington, it  was  conjectured  from  the  movements 
of  the  British  army  that  Gen.  Guge  intended  to 
penetrate  into  the  country.  It  was  accord  ngly 
Mecided  by  the  provincial  congress  to  attempt  a 
defence  of  Dorchester  neck,  and  to  occupy  Bun- 
ker's Hill,  just  Within  the  peninsula  on  which 
Chariestown  stands.  A  detachment  of  1000  men, 
under  Col.  Prescot,  proceeded  to  execute  these 
orders,  hut  by  some  m  stake,  Breed^s  hill,  situated 
on  the  farther  part  of  the  pen  nsula,  was  selected 
for  the  proposed  entrenchments. 

The  party  under  Col.  Prescot  proceeded  in 
their  work  w  th  bo  much  diligence  and  secrecy, 
that  by  the  dawn  of  day,  they  had  thrown  up  a 
square  redoubt,  of  about  40  yards  on  each  side* 
Di^y-light  discovered  th  snew  work  to  the  Brit- 
ish, and  a  heavy  cannonade  was  commenced 
upon  it  from  the  shipping  in  the  river.  The 
fire  was  borne  With  firmness  by  the  Americans, 
and  did  not  prevent  them  from  soon  construct ingf 
a  breast  Work,  which  extended  from  the  redoubt 
to  the  bottom  of  the  hill. 

"As  this  eminence  overlooked  Boston,  Gen. 
Ga»e  thought  it  necccssary  to  drive  the  provin- 

13* 


_-. „„«.«».aMMSll!IW? 


156 


breed's    HfLL« 


clals  from  iti    To  effect  this  object,  he  detached 
Major  General  Howe,  and    Brigadier  General 
P'got,  at  the  head  of  ten  companies  of  grena- 
diers,  and  the  same  number  of  light  infkntry, 
with  a   proper  proportion    of    field    artil-ery. 
Thesb  troops  landed  at  IVIoreton's  Pqiint,  where 
they  inimed  atcly  formed  ;  but,  perceiving  the 
Americans  to  wait  for  them  wth  £rniness,  they 
remained  on  the  r  ground  untii  the  success  of  the 
enterpnze  should  be  rendered  secure  by  the  arri-, 
val  of  a  re-enforcement  from  Boston, ^or  which 
General  Howe  had  applied.     Dur  ug  this  inter- 
val the  Americans  also  were  re-enforced  by  a 
bpdy  of  their  pountrymen     led    by    Generals 
'l\  arren  and  Pometoy  ;   and  they  availed  them- 
selves of  this  delay,  to  increase   their   security 
by  pulling  up  some  adjoining  post  and  rail  fen- 
ces, and  arranging  them  in  two  parallel  lines  at 
a    small   distance    from  each  other;  the   space 
between  which  they  filled  up  with  hay,  so  as  to 
form  a  complete  cover  from  the  musketify  of  the 
enemy. 

**0n  being  joined  by  their  second  detachment, 
the  British  troops,  who  were  formed  in  two  lines, 
advanced  slowly  under  cover  of  a  very  heavy 
discharge  of  cannon  and  howitzers,  frequently 
halting  in  order  to  allow  iheir  artillery  time  to 
(demolish  the  works.  While  they  were  advan- 
cing, orders  were  given  to  set  fire  to  Charlestown, 
a  handsome  village  containing  about  five  hun- 
dred houses  which  flanked  their  line  of  march. 
The  buildings  were  chiefly  of  wood,  and  the 
fiames  were  quickly  communicflted  so  extensive- 
ly, that  almost  the  whole  town  was  in  ene 
great  blaze. 

<' It  IS  not  easy  to  conceive  a  more  grand  and 
1^  mpr^  awful  spectacle  than  was  now  exhibited  \ 


breed's  hill. 


157 


tior  a  moment  of  more  anxious  expectation  than 
that  which  ivas  now  presented.  The  scene  of 
action  was  in  full  view  of  the  heights  of  Boston 
and  of  its  neighborhood,  which  were  covered 
with  spectaiors  taking  deep  and  opposite  inter- 
ests in  the  events  passing  before  them.  The 
soldiers  of  t,he  two  hostile  armies  not  on  duty, 
the  citizens  of  Boston,  and  the  inhabitants  of 
the  adjacent  country,  all  feeling  emotions  which 
set  description  at  defiance,  were  witnesses  of 
the  majestick  and  tremendous  scene. 

**  The  provincials  permitted  the  enemy  to  ap-* 
proach  unmolested  within  less  than  one  hundred 
yards  of  their  works,  when  they  poured  in  upon 
them  so  deadly  a  fire  of  small  arms  that  the 
British  line  was  totally  broken,  and  fell  back 
with  precipitation  towards  the  landing  place. 
By  the  very  great  exertions  of  their  officers  they 
were  raltied,  and  brought  up  to  the  charge,  but 
were  dgain  driven  back  in  confusion  by  the  hea- 
vy and  incessant  fire  from  the  works.  General 
|iowe  is  said  to  have  been  left  at  one  time  al- 
mo(it  alone,  and  it  is  certain  that  very  few  officers 
about  his  person  escaped  unhurt. 

**  The  impression  to  be  made  by  victory  or  de- 
feat, in  this  early  stage  of  the  war,  was  deemed 
of  the  utmost  consequence  ;  and,  therefore,  very 
extraordinary  exertions  were  mad%  once  more 
to  rally  the  English.  With  great  difficulty,  they 
were  a  third  time  led  up  to  the  works.  The  re-* 
doubt  was  now  attacked  on  three  sides  at  once, 
while  some  pieces  of  artillery,  which  had  been 
brought  to  bear  on  the  nreast  work,  raked  it  from 
end  to  end.  The  crp^s  fire  too,  from  the  ships 
and  floating  •batterres,  not  only  annoyed  the 
works  on  Breed^s  hill,  but  deterred  any  consider- 
able reiufoicements  from  passing  into  the  peniixi 


159 


breed's  hill* 


^ 


«ula,  and  coining  to  thsir  assistance.  The  am- 
munition of  the  Amfricaos  waij  now  bo  nearly  ex«> 
hausteO,  that  they  were  no  longer  able  to  keep 
up  the  same  incessant  stream  of  fire,  which  had 
twice  repulsed  the  enemy  ;  and  on  this  third  at* 
tempt,  the  redoubt,  the  walls  of  which  the  Engir 
Hsh  mounted  \vith  ease,  was  carried  at  the  point 
of  the  bayonet.  Yet  the  Americans,  many  of 
whom  were  without  bayonets,  are  said  to  have 
mjiutained  the  contest  with  clubbed  muskets, 
until  the  redoubt  was  half  ^lled  with  the  king^s 
troops, 

**  The  redoubt  being  lost,  the  breast  work 
which  had  been  defended  with  equal  courage 
and  obstinacy,  was  necessarily  abandoned  ;  and 
the  very  hazardous  operation  undertaken,  of  re- 
treating, in  the  face  of  a  victorious  enemy, 
over  Charlestown  neck  ;  where  they  were  ex- 
posed to  the  same  cross  fire  from  the  Glasgow 
man  of  war  and  two  floating  batteries,  which 
bad  deterred  the  reinforcements  ordered  to  their 
aid,  from  coming  to  their  assistance,  and  had 
probably  prevented  their  receiving  proper  supplies 
of  ammunition." 

The  number  of  British  troops  engaged  in  this 
action  was  about  3000,  and  their  loss  in  killed 
and  wounded  was  1050.  The  American  force 
has  been  variousjj'^  stated,  from  1500  to  4000  ; 
and  their  loss,  in  killed,  wounded  and  missing, 
amounted  to  450.  General  Warren  was  among 
the  number  of  the  slain,  and  a  handsome  monu- 
ment now  marks  the  spot  where  he  fell.  The  spot 
of  ground  on  which  this  monument  stands,  was  re- 
cently purchased  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Warren,  of  Boston, 
a  nephew  of  the  lamented  General,  for  the  pur- 
pose, it  is  saidi.ftf  preserving  uninjured  the  few 
*»"-'':oiri^  traces  of  the  memorable  battle  of '75 


■H- 


(3HARLEST0WN — CAMBRIDGE.       159 

Charlestowit,  is  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  Charles  River,  and  is  connected  with  Bostons 
by  an  elegant  bridge,  completed  at  an  expense 
of  50,000  dollars.  The  place  contains  from 
5  to  800  houses,  the  Massachusetts  state^  prison, 
and  is  advantageouslj  situated  for  navigation, 
trade  and  manufactures.  A  navy  yard,  and  a 
number  of  government  buildings,  are  at  the  south 
east  part  of  the  town,  near  the  confluence  of 
Mystick  and  Charles  Rivers,  which  form  the  har*> 
l)0ur  of  Boston.    The  population  is  6000. 


k'les,  which 


Cambridge,  is  situated  about  2  miles  west 
of  Boston.  It  is  a  large  and  handsome  town, 
hut  derives  its  principal  imporiance  from  Harvard 

.  'ersity,  which  is  located  here,  and  is  one  of 
^ ' :  oMest  and  most  ceiebtated  literary  institu« 
tions  in  the  United  States.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  died  in  1638, 
leaving  to  the  institution  a  legacy  of  779/.  17«. 
2d.  sterling.  The  edifices  belonging  t®  the  Uni- 
versity are.  Harvard,  Massachusetts,  Hollis, 
Stoughton,  Holworthy  and  University  HallS| 
Holden  Chapel,  3  College  houses,  besidk;a  that 
for  the  President.  These  buildings  are  all  situa* 
ted  in  a  spacious  square,  and  are  handsomely 
shaded  with  a  variety  of  trees.  There  are  an- 
nually educated  here  about  300  students.  The 
amount  of  property  belonging  to  the  institution, 
it  is  said,  falls  little  short  of  $600,000.  It  con- 
tains an  extensive  philosophical  apparatus,  and 
a  library  of  about  25,000  volumes.  The  bridge 
connecting  Cambridge  with  Boston  cost  $76,700, 
and  is  3846  feet  long,  40  wide,  with  a  causews^y 
of  3344  feet.  '    ^,^    ^    ...     . 


i 


'Jt''-  l:Ji^" 


160 


NAHANT. 


Fort  Independence,  is  situated  on  an  island 
at  the  outlet  of  Boston  harbour,  Smiles  distant ; 
opposite  to  which  is  Governor's  Island,  contain- 
ing a  fort  erected  during  the  late  war.  These 
two  forts  command  the  entrance  into  the  harbour 
of  Boston.  Seven ;0r  eight  miles  below  is  the 
light-house,  at  the  north-eastern  extremity  of  the 
channel,  where  vessels  enter  the  Atlantick* 

NAHANT, 

Is  a  peninsula  running  three  or  four  miles  into 
the  sea,  and  is  situated  fifteen  miles  northwesterly 
from  Boston.  It  is  approached  from  the  town 
of  Lynn  over  a  beautiful  beach  of  a  mile  and  a 
half  in  length.  At  the  extremity  of  this  beach 
commences  the  peninsula,  which  is  about  two 
miles  in  length,  and  in  some  parts  half  a  mile 
broad,  although  its  shores  are  extremely  irreg. 
ular,  and  indented  with  small  bays  worn  into 
the  rocks  by  the  unceasing  action  of  the  waves. 

The  surface  is  uneven,  rising  in  some  places  to 
the  elevation  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.     The  shore  is  very  bold,  and 
presents,  on  all  sides,  a  grand  embankment  of 
broken  massy  rocks.      At  several  points  these 
rocks  are  worn  into  fantastic  shapes,  and  at  the 
time  of  high  tide,  or  a  swell  of  the  sea,  the  roar 
and  foam  of  the  waters  among  them  present  a 
most  interesting  spectacle,  which  is  contemplated 
by  the  quiet  observer,  seated  on  the  summit 
above,  with  awe  and  admiration.     The  whole 
expanse  of  the  ocean  spreads  out  towards  the 
east,  and  after  a  storm  the  rolling  waves  come 
pouring  in  their  immense  burden   upon  these 
rocks,  with  such  a  power,  sublimity  and  uproar  of 
contending  elements  as  c^a  nardly  be  conceived 


NAHANT. 


101 


by  nny  one  who  has  not  witnessed  the  scene. 
And  again,  when  the  sea  is  tranquilf  it  may  be  seen 
covered  with  shipping  of  all  sizes,  as  far  as  the 
eye  can  extend,  moving  in  different  directions  up 
and  down  the  coast,  and  exhibiting  an  animating 
picture  of  the  industry  and  activity  of  commerce^ 
In  short,  for  picturesque  beauty  and  sublimity  »f 
scenery,  as  well  as  for  the  many  advantages  ari- 
sing from  its  peculiar  local  situation,  this  place  is 
not  surpassed  by  any  on  the  coast. 

Besides  a  view  of  the  ocean,  Nahant  presents 
a  great  variety  of  other  interesting  prospect. 
On  one  side  is  seen  the  village  of  Lynn,  Swans- 
cut,  Phillips'  Beach»Marblehead,Egg  Hock,  Ba-^ 
ker^s  Island,  and  the  north  shore  as  far  as  the 
high  land  of  Cape  Ann — on  the  other,  Charles- 
town,  Boston,  the  islands  in  Boston  harbour,  part 
of  Dorchester,  Braintree,  JSantucket  and  Scitu* 
ate,  with  the  light-houses  of  Boston^  Scituate 
and  Baker's  Island,  forming  together  a  panorama 
hardly  to  be  equalled  in  beauty  or  variety. 

The  peninsula  extends  farther  into  the  sea 
than  any  other  head  land  in  the  Bay.  It  is 
distant  from  the  nearest  island  in  Boston  har- 
bor, to  the  south,  seven  miles- — from  the  near- 
est point  of  the  south  shore  about  12  mile» 
— from  the  north  shore  between  two  and  three 
miles.  It  is,  on  this  side,  connected  with  the 
main  land  by  a  beach  a  few  rods  wide.  Thus 
insulated  and  surrounded  by  water,  Nahant  en- 
joys a  climate  and  temperature  very  cool, 
and,  comparatively,  very  equable — a  circum- 
stance of  much  importance  to  the  invalid, 
and  which  will  determine  the  choice  of  a 
great  portion  of  those  who  annually  leave  the> 
city  for  the  purposes  of  health  or  amusement. 


•^*i 


'M 


« \ 


102 


w 


^AHAWT. 


««  Hotel.  :S"^';:«  «f'fiee  b^a.^'lt'e;  ^Tl 
.„""  bnjding  contain.  In    u  I''*««"nt  situaHnn 
cienfw   •    *>!®  persons.     Th^  i-  •' °°^"  forfami- 

f  y  part  of  thrdl""^    '«fr«h^   &■:•  -^ 
i*--  of  a  mile  ^^^,  fc  «  »»""  ^^4^1::- 

™aa.  which  are  alw»™  •  ^  *y>  "ay  »„  oaf  5„ 
milled  with 8ii,».Ki^  "•  ""eadiiieM  .-?,  " 
abnodant  2,  ffie  i?  .«PP«ratu,.  ot^e  ,"  '^'r- 
a?"«e«ent,  o7niJr°"y-    B"'  the"  irl"*)-'  " 

*»^...3«itaw;tr;7^fco]bro.':^ 

"'«  uajr,  on  the  beach; 


NORTHERN  ROUTES  TO  BOSTON.        163 


A  beautiful  building,  in  imitation  of  a  Grecian 
temple,  has  been  erected  on  an  eminence,  nea-r 
the  Hotel,  in  which  are  two  elegant  billiard 
rooms.  There  are  also  convenient  covered 
bowling  alleys,  and  such  other  means  of  amuse- 
ment as  are  usually  connected  with  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  elegant  establishments  at  wittering 
places. 

On  the  whole,  the  proximity  of  Nahant  to  Bos • 
ton — its  facility  of  access — the  beauty  and  gran- 
deur of  its  scenery — and  above  all,  the  singular 
local  advantages  it  affords  for  invigorating;  the 
constitution,  the  salubrity  and  bracing  tone  of 
its  atmosphere,  and  the  excellent  accommoda- 
tions it  offers  to  visitors — will  undoubtedly  make 
it  a  place  of  general  resort  during  the  summer 
months,  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States, 


/  i 


NORTHERN  ROUTES  TO  BOSTON. 

The  route  from  Albany  to  Boston,  as  the  one 
most  generally  travelled,  has  been  already  des- 
cribed It  is  not  uniilual,  however,  for  tourists 
visiting  Quebec,  to  proceed  directly  to  Boston,  on 
a  good  road  leading  from  the  former  place,  and 
which  nearly  pursues  the  course  taken  by  Gen. 
Arnold,  in  his  march  from  Boston  to  Quebec,  in 
1775. 

From  Burlington,  Vt.  where  the  Champlaia 
steam  boats  touch  in  their  passage  up  and  down 
the  lake,  stages  depart  for  Boston  3  times  a  week, 
and  reach  the  latter  place  in  3  days.  Their 
route  is  through  Montpelier  and  Windsor,  Vt. 
Claremont  and  Amherst,  N.  H.  Billerica  and 
Medfordv Mass.    Burlington  is  1206  miles  fiem^ 


■\rt 


^m^' 


164 


MONTPELIEIt. 


Boston,  and  the  distances  of  the  intervening  pla- 
ces are  as  ibllows  : 


Williston, 

Richmond, 

Boltou, 

Waterbury, 

Moretown, 

Montpelier, 

"VVilliamstown, 

Brookfield, 

Randolph, 

Royalton, 

Barnard, 

Woodstock, 

Windsor, 

Claremont,     " 


Miles 

1 

Miles. 

8 

Lempster, 

12 

9 

Washington, 

7 

2 

Hillsborough, 

9 

8 

Francistown, 

9 

4 

Mount  Vernon, 

9 

7 

Amherst, 

6 

10 

Merrimack, 

-  3 

8 

Dunstable, 

7 

12 

Tyngsborough, 

6 

3 

Chelmsford, 

'■^^■U'^ 

6 

Billerica, 

Mv-  ■..  4 

8 

Woburn,     : 

'        9 

14 

Boston, 

10 

9 

^  iki'-<» 

Montpelier,  is  situated  on  the  Onion  River, 
a  little  north  of  the -centre  of  the  state,  3li  miles 
from  Burlington.     It  is  at  present  the  seat   of 
overnment,  and  has  a  state-house,  court-house, 
^  )aol,  and  a  house  of  public  worship,  besides  a 
umber    of   manufacturing  establishments.      It 
ontains   about    2000    inhabitants.      While   at 
Montpelier  the  tourist  can,  if  he  chooses,  visit 
Hanover,  at  which  place  is  situated  Dartmouth 
College,  and  from  thence  pass  through  Concord, 
a  large  and  beautiful  town,  and  the  capital  of 
New -Hampshire.     On  either  route  the  country 
is  romantic  and  highly  picturesque.     The  lofty 
mountains  of  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  pre- 
sent an  appearance  truly  novel  and  grand,  whea 
oontrasted  with  the  level  country  of  the  west.. 


> 


WINDSOR. 


165 


tervenlDg  pia- 


r, 
ton, 

)wn, 
eraon, 

ck, 
e, 

'ough, 
>rd, 


m.^- 
■* 


12 
7 
9 
9 

9 
6 

3 

7 
6 

7 

—  4 

9 

10 


Onion  River, 
ate,  3»S  miles 
t  the  seat   of 
court-house, 
'P»  besides  a 
ihments.      It 
While  at 
hooses,  visit 
Dartmouth 
g:h  Concord, 
e  capital  of 
the  country 
The  lofty 
ipshire  pre- 
rand,  whea 
he  west.. 


Windsor,  is  a  beautiful  town  on  ttie  banks  of 
the  Connecticut.  The  houses  exhibit  a  very 
neat  and  handsome  appearance,  and  stand  in  a 
fertile  and  richly  cultivated  tract  of  country.  It 
contains  a  flourishing^  Female  Seminary,  with  a 
number  of  churches,  and  the  State  Penitentiary. 
The  bridge  built  across  the  Connecticut  at  this 
place  is  one  of  the  handsomest  on  the  river.  J^S' 
cutney^  a  mountain  in  the  south-west  part  of  the 
town,  is  1732  feet  in  height,  and  is  well  worthy 
the  attention  of  those  who  take  delight  in  the 
rich  and  diversified  prospect  afforded  from  its 
summit.  ,■   .-^     >.^i  ^_ 

Another  route  to  Boston,  which  is  not  unfre- 
quently  travelled,  is  from  Whitehall,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Champlain,  through  Castleton,  Rutland, 
Chester  and  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.  Walpole  and 
Keene,  N.  H.  Groton,  Concord  and  Lexinton, 
Mass.  Boston  is  178  miles  from  Whitehall,  and 
the  distances  of  the  intervening  places  are  as  fol- 
lows    :         ,,-       .    .:•    .,      ^  •_,    i,^,^^y,.,-     . 

Miles.  Miles. 


Fairhaven, 

9 

Marlborough, 

5 

Castleton, 

6 

Jeffrey, 

5 

Rut'and, 

10 

New  Ipswich, 

10 

Shrewsbury, 

9 

Townsend, 

12 

Mount  Hoi  ley. 

9 

Pepper  el,     -v  >  ^ 

6 

Ludlow, 

7 

Groton,  +   t  ;*«; 

3 

Cavendish,    .  -,> 

8 

Littleton, 

8 

Chester, 

9 

Acton, 

3 

Bellows  Falls, 

14 

Concord, 

7 

Walpole  Village, 

4 

Lexington, 

7 

Walpole, 

4 

Cambridge, 

7 

Keene, 

14 

Boston,      '  : 

3 

mmmmm 


1G6 


BELLOn-S  PALLS  ic. 

mi.'  • 


emy.anj  a  Medical  Collefp  ,vv'',^'"'"'y  '*<=»<1- 
era"/  patronijied.     ^°"^8*'  ^"hich  are  very  lib.  . 

?'  »te/3^!aX\^f„"/  rh?^"""^ --'y  re  ^ 

•n  view  of  Killington  Pe/k  ^n,f  r''u  """"l-iw, 
"•e  northern  slate..  ?t  contain,  ^  '"^  ''.'""««  "' 
hou.es.  a  hank,  a  court  hout,":nTr:^or''  '"^ 

,  «teme%;:ir:,:d'co!r"'"^«''"^^^^^^^^    " 

an  excellent  Acidemy    and  nT'.'^  "''"^'=''e" 
and  stores.  ^'  ""'f  "'^°'"(8()  dwellings 

CotXZtt'J;''  ^;Mh  western  b!^„f;, 
contains  some  very  p^^^tT'  '^ough  sn,«l, 
of  manufacturing  estaE!^    ^'"e',  a  number 
ohurcb,  Which  Itands  on  ^rl'"  '""^  "  ''^''""f'-l 
«cen  for  some  miles  distant        '"'»«"<=«.  ""d  i, 

antr^'r„i?^s!itb'r^^^^^^^ 

"f  falls.    It  is  aboit  half  a  mil.  '• '"r*"'^  ""-""-J 
whole  descent  of  the  river^'';  '^ '«"?«'.   The 

about  50  feet,  and  assumes  the  „''*'"  ^"'"""'o  -s 
'ds  rather  than  a  cat«^*ef  A'^^*"?""  of  rap- 
descent,  where  the  water  i.  r.^""^'  *''«  ^'-o-test 
of  rocks  to  a  very  nl^?row  tn."^'"*.''"^  ''^  '^''Ses 

fcridge  is  erected?SO  eeT  KeV.  ?"?"'""■«  '"» 

' '"  "O'Sht,  from  which 


#- 


WALPOLB. 


1C7 


the  "water  is  seen  rushing^  through  the  pass  with 
great  rapidity,  and  dasing  upon  the  rocks  in  the 
wildest  disorder — presenting  a  scene  truly  sub- 
lime and  interesting, 

A  short  distaniie  below  the  falls  are  two  rocks 
containing  specimens  of  Indinrt  v^orkmanship. 
On  one  of  the  rocks  are  the  indistinct  traces  of 
li  number  of  human  faces,  represented  by  marks 
in  the  stone,  and  probably  intended  as  a  memo- 
rial of  their  deceased  friends  or  chieftains.  That 
this  place  waaonce  the  haunt  of  our  savage  pre- 
decessors, is  evident  from  the  arrow  points,  and 
bits  of  their  earthen  pots,  and  fragments  of  oth- 
er utensils,  which  may  be  found  in  a  short  walk 
over  the  adjacent  fields. 

On  the  New  Hampshire  side  is  a  chain  of  lofty 
mountains,  which  leave  but  a  narrow  passage 
between  their  base  and  the  river.  Around  one 
of  these  impending  barriers  the  road  winds  its 
course  to  the  pleasant  village  of  . 

Walpole,  which  contains  about  60  houses, 
including  some  veiy  handsome  mansions.  This 
place  was  the  scrne  ol  many  savage  incursions 
during  the  French  war.  It  was  once  in  the  entire 
possession  of  the  Indians,  and  retaken  from  them 
by  Col.  Bellows,  who  made  the  first  settlement 
in  this  part  of  the  country  The  scenery  in  this 
vicinity  is  remarably  striking  and  romantic.  Ten 
miles  larther  is  the  flourishing  village  of 


'^' 


16a 


KEENE — CONCORD. 


Keens.  This  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  hnnd- 
somest  villages  in  New  England,  and  is  situated 
a  few  miles  east  of  the  Connecticut  River.  It 
contains  about  120  dwellings,  a  bank,  a  court 
house  and  gaol,  and  a  population  of  about  2000. 
For  a  distance  of  55  miles  from  this  place,  no 
Tillage  of  importance  intervenes,  though  many 
handsome  dwellings  and  rich  farms  are  discov- 
ered on  the  route*  '  '*■* 


Groton,  is  a  handsome  village,  containing 
about  100  houses  and  an  Academy  ;  seven  miles 
from  which  is  the  town  of  .     .-'     »     ,  • 


Concord,  rendered  memorable  as  the  place 
where  the  first  efficient  opposition  was  made  to 
the  British  troops,  in  1775.  It  is  a  large  town, 
and  contains  many  handsome  dwellings, 
miles  from  Concord  is  the  town  of 


Eight 


\  ! 


Lexington,  containing  a  few  plain  houses  ; 
but  celebrated  in  history  as  the  spot  where  the 
first  American  blood  was  shed  in  the  struggle 
for  Independence.         *»    *  •••♦ 


y:' 


Cambridge  is  7,  and  Boston  10  miles  east  of 
Lexington,  and  have  been  noticed  in  the  prece- 
ding  pages  of  this  work.  .. 


-J? 


SARATOGA   SPRINGS  TO  BOSTON.       16d 

There  is  also  a  line  of  sta^jeg  eatabliohed  from 
Saratoga  Springs  to  Boston,  3  times  a  "vreek. 
They  leave  Saratoga  Springs  so  as  to  intersect 
the  canal  passage  boats  at  Fort  Edward.  From 
thence  they  proceed  through  Sandy  Hill,  Grin- 
\ille  and  Manchester,  to  Che  ter  in  Vermr  it, 
where  they  intersect  the  Bostc  i  and  Whiteltall 
line  of  stages.  The  distance  ol  this  rouiA  from 
Saratoga  Springs  to  Boston  is  nearer  ;;y  2 1  miles 
than  any  other  route,  and  lies  thrv  ugh  a  ^jleasar' 
country,  and  over  an  excellent  road. 


Fims. 


n 


